Survival And Adaptation :: essays research papers

Survival and Adaptation tom tycoon and his family are not wealthy. In order for them to survive tomcat had to box. Tom King was very old to be boxing. He had to change his way of fighting to even hit a remote chance of wining. In Tracks by Louise Erdrich Eli and Nanapush had to learn to live with each other to survive. Nevertheless Tom King and Eli both did what they had to do too survive. They are good examples of strength and determination.Tom King was not a rich man but a poor one. Jack London writes that Tom had to send his children to bed so that they might block about dinner. This portrays what kind of life Tom and his family live in. they live life day by day, struggling to eat and pay debts. All morning Tom had a craving for a piece of steak. But the butcher wouldnt give him one because he didnt have any credit. Its ironic how he used to fertilise his dog pieces of steak but instantly he cant even give himself one. Eventhough Tom was a strong man on the outside the tho ught of how his family lives must have ripped him apart inside. The one thing he wanted, a piece of steak proved to be a critical factor in the outcome of his match.Tom power is beginning to notice the signs of fighting. Jack London illustrates Tom Kings face as a beast, with lion like eyes. This description portrays Tom as a unrelenting man who looks like a killer. But on the contrary hes just a normal man who suffered the consequences of his profession. In the ring Tom King is purblind and bulky. He does this to conserve his energy. This demonstrates character development. When Tom was younger he use to be just like Sandel. Rushing into everything, not using his head. But now he has to slow down. His body isnt as strong as it use to be. Its the only way he would be able to survive.Eli and Nanapush are both in need of each other. Louise Erdrich describes Eli as he shows up at Nanapushs door as open and lifeless. This description illustrates the situation hes in. He has no food o r hope. Nanapush then(prenominal) offers Eli a bowl of soup but he refuses it because the soup is only an old gopher. These two lines from Tracks by Louise Erdrich indicate what the problem is from the beginning.

The House on Mango Street Cisneross Style :: House Mango Street

The House on mango tree channel Cisneross Style  Sandra Cisneross writing style in the novel The House on Mango Street transcends two genres, poetry and the short story. The novel is written in a series of poetic vignettes that make it easy to read. These distinguishing attributes are combined to cook the backbone of Cisneross unique style and structure. The novel has confused many critics and readers because it reads like poetry, yet in actuality it is a narrative. Cisneros admits that many of the vignettes are "lazy poems." This means that they could be poems if she had taken the time to finish them (Olivares 145). At many times throughout the novel the words rhyme and can almost be put to a catchy tune. For example, the chapter "Geraldo No Last Name" reads like a poem with end rhyme and a structured pattern. "Pretty too, and young. Said he worked in a restaurant, but she cant remember which one" (Cisneros 65). At the other end of the spectrum, the novel is a series of vignettes. "I would affirm that, although some of the narratives of Mango Street are short stories, most are vignettes, that is, literary sketches, like small illustrations nonetheless..." says critic Julian Olivares (145). Cisneros has stated that she wants a reader to be able to pick up the novel and understand its meaning from any point within therefore, the novel is told in a series of vignettes, each of which makes it own point. The vignettes are combined to pass water a larger story (Olivares 145). "Chanclas" is an example of Cisneross sound prose vignettes. "Meanwhile that boy who is my cousin... asks me to dance and I cant" (Cisneros 47).This chapter is a literary sketch which illustrates Esperanzas insecurity about organism poor. Mango Street isnt necessarily structured in chronological order. There are no drastic nor specific changes in time. The reader understands that the character is increment up, but the existing st ructure can be rearranged without compromising the readers understanding. The chapters "Hips" ("They(hips) bloom like roses, I continue because its obvious Im the only one who can let the cat out of the bag with any authority...") and "The First Job" ("So the next morning I put on the navy blue dress that made me look older.

CHINAS RESPONSE TO OVERPOPULATION :: essays research papers

Introduction          Today so many children and people in the world suffer from poverty and starvation. In so many third world countrys families are going without food or good water. Never in the first place have we seen so many children die before the age of five. It is impossible to feed every of these mouths and clothe all of these backs. The world is full of natural resources at our disposal. These resources are taken for granted and not keep the way they should be. As a result, fossil fuels will not be available in a matter of years. Nature is missing links repayable to the extinction of many species, many we dont ever get a chance to learn about. More people means much products made in factories, more jobs needed, and more use of goods and services of this earths precious resources. Were are overcrowded We are overpopulated. Not to mention all of the disease that is spread through the poverty stricken slums that the malnourished go through in."We are already living with the consequences of human population growth. There are now so many people, that we were probably pretty much forced to make grow and give up smelly outhouses in favor of the more convenient and practical flush toilet. Sanitation workers are paid to collect the trash that huge cities of people generate, as large populations need proper sanitation."(Garrett Hardin) We try to regulate this epidemic by using birth-control and other devices, but we see what good all of that is doing. We ourselves are setting up for extinction. There must be a way to control the overpopulation. We should not be a disease to this planet. Do we not see the connections between science and society? Gaylord Nelson was quoted as saying, "The number one environmental problem facing the earth today would have to be population. Where on Earth Are We Going? He said the answer is "Its all up to us. The level of human population and the scale and intensity o f human natural action has reached a point where we are literally affecting the very conditions on which human life and well being depend. "The first major effect of overpopulation is consumption of valuable resources. This is one of the major causes of depletion of our natural resources. When mentioning consumption, we are referring to all the products we buy and use. In the United States, Americans consume far more than what is necessary.

Science and Technology in Reflections and Enemies of Promise :: Reflections Enemies

Science and Technology in Reflections and Enemies of Promise The controversy over science is the central argument in both ooze Borns Reflections and J. Michael Bishops Enemies of Promise. Science and technology have greatly influenced and improved the way people live in a society. However, while Born argues that science is the essence of the disruption of human civilization (208), Bishop strongly disagrees with Borns views that scientists must take responsibility for their inventions and discoveries. Borns essay partly portrays a negative view towards scientists and science. It shows examples of inventions along with their negative effects towards temper and the world. For example, medicine has overcome most plagues and epidemic diseases and it has doubled the human lifespan within a single generation the result . . . catastrophic overpopulation (Born 209). On the some other hand, Bishop believes that science has a more positive impact on the world. To him, We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly magnified human knowledge (237). Bishops view is right. But a point of similarity between the two works is that to be a true scientist one involve a complete education, which includes humanistic subjects like literature, art, philosophy, history, religion, and music. For instance in Borns words, Scientists should not be cut off from humanistic thinking (212), for it has insights to offer into the human assure (Bishop 238). Here both agree. Another strong argument is that societys judgment of science is clouded by ignorance. It blames science for what are actually the failures of individuals or society to handling the knowledge that science has provided. The blame is misplaced (Bishop 239). For example, the government spends millions of dollars on the baccy industry even though it is a proven scientific fact that tobacco kills. This shows that some people only want to misuse scien tific products, so they should be prepared to take responsibility for their action and not blame it on science as Born implies. Although Borns Reflections and Bishops Enemies of Promise share some similar points the main focus of each work is quite different. In Reflections, Born confesses a sense of responsibility for the break down in human civilization (208).

Comparing Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther K

"...A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government." doubting Thomas JeffersonThoreau, a transcendentalist from the mid 19th century and Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights movement leader of a century later both believed the necessity of medicine for government. Although they showed diversity of opinion on issues regarding voting, both writers agree on the necessity to reform the government and the means of accomplishing it. In Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail and Thoreaus Civil Disobedience, both agreed on injustice of majority to rule over minority, both resisted the government passively, and both wanted a better government immediately.The majority is not of necessity right, but they have always been the ones in power because they are the strongest and the most influential. Therefore, all the laws are written by the majority, almost all are in favor of the majority, and all are enforced by the majori ty. According to King, a law drafted by the majority is only just when the minority are automatic to follow it. He wrote "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority aggroup compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself" (2475). In other words, if a law denies the right of the minority or is inflicted upon the minority by force, then it is not a just law. Similar opinions are shared by Thoreau, when he writes "But a government in which the majority r...

Comparing Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther K

"...A little rebellion now and then is a effectual thing...It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government." Thomas JeffersonThoreau, a transcendentalist from the mid 19th century and Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights movement leader of a century later both believed the necessity of medicine for government. Although they showed disagreement of opinion on issues regarding voting, both writers agreed on the necessity to reform the government and the performer of accomplishing it. In Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail and Thoreaus Civil Disobedience, both agreed on injustice of majority to rule over minority, both resisted the government passively, and both precious a better government immediately.The majority is not necessarily right, but they have always been the ones in power because they atomic number 18 the strongest and the most influential. Therefore, all the laws are written by the majority, almost all are in favor of the majority, and all are enf orced by the majority. According to King, a law drafted by the majority is only just when the minority are willing to follow it. He wrote "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself" (2475). In other words, if a law denies the right of the minority or is inflicted upon the minority by force, then it is not a just law. Similar opinions are shared by Thoreau, when he writes "But a government in which the majority r...

Military Psychology

Military Psychology Military psychological science is a broad market of psychology in which virtually any and all subfields of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the ask or desires of multitude planners and strategists. Reasons for their exertion whitethorn be immediate or sustained. The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either opposition or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally.By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitude to the passage of armsfield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition with the variably sustained or inefficacious post- combat programs for troubled veterans. Conditions corresponding shell shock and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) nurture figured prominen tly in the using of military therapy programs.Strategically, intelligence and personality exam wee-wee been applied to placement exams for prospective military recruits. The rasets of World state of war I had a formative subject on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, big(p) the nascent field authoritative legitimacy. Co-founder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was selected as the elementary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war.His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elect(ip) recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perceived unwillingness to answer in battle. Coining the term shell shock, he engraved an put up term into historical consciousness that defines the unmingled psychological damage inflicted by war. The term today is the virtually recognizable in defining so-called combat stress reactions (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war.Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by qualification standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the names Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests canvass recruits ability to draw analogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic, among other tests, in order to judge their intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The outstanding rise in recruits with World War II enkindle a massive effort to streamline draftees.Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive eff ort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every family during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the phylogenesis of organizational and industrial psychology. The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a likewise organized recruitment and placement model.The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the development of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, and fit(p) the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011. The distrust and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder.The support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is disreputable in American culture and often criticized. Ma ny argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak later the Vietnam War. A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, and advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology, and guided philosophy in making decisions about war. This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less disinclined to use force to accomplish a mission.Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting brotherly conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains. Military psychology is a broad area of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained.The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally. By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitudes to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineffective post-combat programs for troubled veterans.Conditions like shell shock and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have figured prominently in the development of military therapy programs. Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for perspective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Cofounder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr.Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war. His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for th eir inability and perceived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term shell shock, he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war.The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called combat stress reactions (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war. Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the renown Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits ability to draw nalogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic among other tests in a way to judge ones intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees. Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology.The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model. The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, plus laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011.The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder. The supp ort system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War.A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, plus advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology and guiding philosophy in making decisions about war.This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission. Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains.

Is inverting in CSR profitable or not

Is Investing in CARS profitable to business? At any juncture when an organization goes past b bely legitimate compliances and emphatically engages in activities that seem to more abundant well-disposed sincere which is for the most use outside the diversions of the firm and is more customized towards the more extensive sociable responsibility, the firm Is said to have embraced the design of Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) (McMillan et al. 2006). The endpoints incorporate kindly responsibility (CARS), corporate governance (CGI corporate sustainability (CSS), corporate citizenship and triple croup line (TAB) argon all existence seed synonymously with each separate and all these terms fall Into the broader theory of ethical business (Cast et al. , 2004). CARS Is taking the responsibility to empower people both socially and stintingally (Albuquerque, 2010).Holmes and Watts (1999) suggest that CARS Is a duty of every corporate consistence to protect the Interest of so ciety at large and although every businesss mall motive Is to earn profit, corporate should take the initiative for welf ar of the society and should achieve Its satellites accordingly. CARS includes elements such as environmental protection, social equity ND economic growth and has a strong empathy with the founding principles of quality management (Leonard and Macadam, 2003).A ingrained belief among business and society scholars is that CARS pays off for the organization as well as for the stakeholders and the society in popular (Burke and Logon, 1996). The invention of CARS contrasts the classic economic careen that management has altogether one responsibility which is the wealth minimization of its owners. Classical economist Milton Friedman argued that the main aim of management is to make as much notes as possible charm conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in the law and those embodied in ethical custom (Friedman, 2007).Even economists such as Friedman, who had previously suggested that social matters were not the concerns of business people and that these problems had to be resolved by unrestricted workings of the free market system, had to change their views regarding corporate social responsibility (Carroll, 1991). A theory called the agency theory exists which suggests that CARS is a complete misuse of corporate resources that could have been spent on value-added internal projects or raze have been returned to the shareholders (McMillan et al. 006). Alexander and Buckshot (1978) and Bowman and Hair (1975) have contrasting views suggesting that stakeholders might have a affirmative view when managers implement CARS and might grapple that to be a standout management skill because a firm that Invests In the society Increases Its perceived social reputation which In turn helps build the companys characterisation whereas companies that do not contribute to the society might not reap equal benefits.Mousses and Evans (1986) suggest that socially responsible activities have a signifi open firet jar on firms standing especially with such Important areas such as inkers, Investors, the government and engaging In social satellites Is a pivotal part of finding makings In strands and other Institutions these days. A direct Implication of this might be that the businesses can secure more capital from Investors sightly because of their perceived social reputation. Investors are only drawn in primarily if the profitability then obviously investors would not be interested.There are many organizations embracing the concept of CARS and at that place are many examples which show significant relationship between CARS and profitability. There have been other retinues too who have suggested a negative relation between social responsibility and profitability and have in fact argued that engaging in socially responsible activities are an added cost to the business that puts the firm at an economic loss comp ared to firms that are slight socially responsible (Brandon and Merlin, 1985).However, this traditional concept of cost increment has been downplayed by many organizations that have adopted the concept and the results are quite promising too. One such organization is Timberland which has provided employees the opportunity o take significant amounts of paid time off to volunteer for social causes of their choosing (Peppier, 2003). Louis Button has been introducing CEO-friendly products and has been actively supporting environmental causes which could in turn entice customers to purchase the companys luxury items (Does and Schooner, 2009).Wall-Mart reduced transportation be by $3. 5 million, saved 3,424 tons of corrugated materials, 1,358 barrels of oil color, 5,190 trees and 727 shipping containers through their CARS initiative (Hampton et al. ). Ecology and Environment Inc. (2008) reported an 80% deduction in its annual carbon emissions from its military headquarters noting tha t the efficiency gains resulted giving the company an estimated net savings of approximately $232,000 from 1998 to 2008 (Sprinkle and Amines, 2010).Another prime example is Body Shop which generates so much profit because it advertises itself as being ethical as it bans animal testing and considers effect on endangered species when choosing ingredients for the companys products (Dennis et al. , 1998). Companies that engage in social performance by adapting CARS as a concept have often amplificationd their ability to entice and to retain employees which in turn leads to owe turnover and significantly less training and recruitment costs (Turban and Greening, 1997). Merck has donated more than 2. Billion tablets of drug Emaciate (vermilion) to help eradicate river blindness in parts of Africa, Latin America, and the Middle easy and some observers noted that in that respect were few fiscal benefits to Merck (Dick, 2009). Organizational culture is equally important at the workplace bec ause it is directly related to ethical principles. A manager might recruit unethical practices so as to achieve targets or higher profits causing fear among employees of the companys practices which might be detriment to their own good in the long run (Ross and Perry, 1999).Cornell and Shapiro (1987) induced a new theory whereby they claim that firms with a perceived social image might discover to have intimately lower cost than those of competitors which means they have a better financial performance. Even multinationals have engaged in socially responsible activities abroad. An example is Shell, an oil company based in London that came under intense criticism from several(a) group over their drilling operations in Nigeria ND to comprehend that Shell invested over $50 million in health, education, agriculture, Job creation, womens programmer, youth training and sponsorship (Eagleburger, 2003).The need for CARS emerged as it goes beyond Just the legal framework and various attem pt have been made by governments of various countries to try and blend the concept with existing legal paradigms. An example has nothing at all for the large range of stakeholders that could be affected by the companys decisions such as consumers, employees or the local communities (Frankest, 2001). In the I-J, a number of commissions have been setup since the sass same(p) the Hamper Commission (Committee on Corporate Governance, 1998) which rejected the idea quoting the fact that accountability to many is accountability to none (Frankest, 2001).Being socially responsible has many positive effects for the business. Socially responsible companies not only Just enjoy the benefits of brand image and reputation but also have less danger of negative risk events such as bribery, corruption, child labor scandals and sweatshops which could damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns Outsource, 2004). Marigold et al(2007) studied the empir ical nexus between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance and found out that the overall correlation was positive.They also found that the association was strongest for unique(predicate) dimension of charitable contributions, revealed misdeeds, and environmental performance. While selecting normal business rules and especially when it comes to selecting a profitable outcome, companies select CARS activities which yield the highest total payoffs in terms of bodied benefits to the firm and its takeovers and which fall within the range indicated for strategic CARS of a firm as suggested by (Burke and Logon, 1996).Companies that adopt the CARS principles in the product industry run less risk of having to recall defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive pollution which means consumers can trust the companies that are seen to be investing heavily in CARS activities (Outsource, 2004). While helping reduce staff turnover, if CARS activity can ho ld one highly trained specialist who earns $100,000 this can translate into a $400,000 benefit for the company as the cost of employee turnover can range from 50% to 400% base salary (Sprinkle and Amines, 2010).According to Martin(2002), Corporations often willingly engage in socially responsible behavior precisely because it enhances shareholder value. Academic researchers face difficulty in measuring the relation between social and financial performance. Business students and business faculty members and even fortune rankings have been found to have used subjective indicators (Outsource, 2004).Other researchers have however used survey instruments, behavioural and recapture measures, rating seems, combination of surveys financial statements, articles on companies in press, academic Journals and government reports to asses profitability against various dimensions (Outsource, 2004). The problem with academicians and researchers is that it is hard to measure profitability Just on one dimension of the broad dimensions that corporate social responsibility has to offer.Another problem underlying the concept of corporate social responsibility is that it can only come into reality if managers adopting it become moral instead of amoral or amoral (Carroll, 1991). The philanthropic functions and ethical functions (Carroll, 1991) have taken a significant place in novel years making it even difficult for any measurement as such.Other variables can be measured through statistical tools and dependent and independent variables epitome can also be done. Burke and Longed (1996) suggest that there are five strategic dimensions which help firm assess the value created for the firm by CARS programmer centrality, specificity, their strategic proposition can expect really good results compared to the ones that just eliminate CARS activities.Caravan and McGuire(2010) suggest that increasingly, human resource development (HARD) is viewed as having a role in helping organizations a chieve societal, environmental and economic goals. CARS as previously mentioned by the author is linked to other departments too. Companies engaging in CARS can actually produce efficient results such as helping to raise awareness among employees, developing potential attitudes towards sustainability, environmental awareness and corporate citizenship.CARS is interrelated with other components of management science. For example, Press et al (2009) suggest that HARD investment as been found to be associated with a positive impact on the triple bottom line of business, social and economic performance and various other literatures aforementioned have suggested how CARS has contributed to reducing staff turnovers hence contributing to a better organizational performance in all sects of the firm itself.There is an argument that exists between business students on how CARS has become a part of business and management courses worldwide and the ingrained aim of business is to make profit t he students deduce the fact that if CARS was not profitable why would it even be considered as a feature in the study of equines and management as suggested by (Mullions, 2007). There are a few organizations that have adopted CARS and used it as a marketing tool.Tell bank was a bank which was successful because it marketed itself as an ethical bank and other Islamic banks which have tailored their services to meet the religious and cultural demand of the local people are found to have done relatively well (Wilson, 2005). Many organizations have adapted to the concept of implementing CARS activities and even gone on to using it for strategic purposes and almost all of the time to increase their revenues (Wilson, 2005).Classic literatures in business and society proclaimed that while CARS might have short term costs, it actually pays off in the long run as suggested by (Davis K, 1997 and Steiner G. C (1980). Burke and Logon (1996) suggest that companies should carry out the following analysis while implementing CARS so as to increase their profits Firms need to identify the stakeholders which are vital for achieving the firms mission, aims or strategic objectives. Firms need to find out policies that are relevant to CARS, programmer and related activities which tailors to the wide range of stakeholders. Firms need to access the opportunities that offered by implementing CARS project so as to attain their strategic objectives or so as to solve problems and threats facing the problem (certainty). Firms need to access the cost benefit analysis of CARS projects which can be captured or internalized by a firm oppose to other firms in the same industry especially the competitors (Specificity). Firms need to anticipate future changes in the organizations environment and changes in the needs of key stakeholders which could be communicate through proactive CARS policies and activities (Proactively). Firms need to determine the starting point of mandated requirements i n order to find out the opportunities for voluntary activities (voluntarism). Firms need to identify opportunities so as to create positive visibility with relevant internal or external stakeholders from CARS activities (Visibility). Finally, firms need to measure and associate the value or future value that is evaluate from various CARS projects various countries bringing out new legislations and have recognized environment, employees and consumers to be significant and legitimate stakeholders of business. Carroll (1991) suggest that corporate executives have had to wrestle with how they brace their commitments to the corporations owners with their obligations to an ever-broadening group of stakeholders who claim both legal and ethical rights.Various literatures have suggested both positive and negative correlation between profitability and corporate social responsibility. However, there is no compelling evidence from literature to suggest that there is negative correlation betwe en the two. Organizations that have adapted the concept of CARS and have made it part of heir strategy have found to have done well (see examples above) (Albuquerque, 2010). It might be the prime reason why various organization in different parts of the world have used the concept of CARS in their strategic decision making phase.There might be some organizations which have embraced the concept of social responsibility as a voluntary activity but research literatures show that organizations that have used and tailored programmer to social good have in fact benefited in terms of financial performance too. Companies and board of directors now discuss he term CARS in their annual general meetings and are seen to be keen on engaging in these activities and even go as far as advertising what they did in their brochures which are generally released in various Scams.This paper recommends the use of CARS by businesses and there are academic and research evidences to suggest that engaging in these activities will help increase profit levels for different organizations but Outsource(2004) views suggests that extensive studies are needed to explore the casual mechanism linking CARS to profitability and to determine whether or not those relationships hold systematically over time.

Preventive Care

Running head FUNDING PREVENTIVE CARE IN AMERICA Funding condom C be in the States Webster University December 7, 2011 Funding Preventive Care in America Preventive like is an element that is becoming important to non only those in the healthcare field but America as a whole. Preventive care helps to non only prevent but in some cases gag law from increasing illness much(prenominal) as obesity, hypertension, and heart disease. Many healthcare officials feel that preventative care is important to the health care field musical composition the establishment does not share their sentiments and thus funds are not distributed equally to areas which assist with preventative care.Many critics feel that if the government would work with documentation condom care programs, the cost of health insurance would fall down and many Americans would be much apt to take a healthier approach to living. Preventive health care is measures taken by an individual to prevent illness or diseases tha t may or may not arise in the future. The American government does not equally fund preventive health care measures as it does the war. With this being said, many health care officials believe that it is important for individuals to take on preventive care.The whole idea would be to help keep costs down yet there has not been sufficient enough studies that shows that preventive care actually keeps rising health care costs down. Preventive health care measures include services such as screening (ie cancer, cholesterol), vaccines, and other health benefits. Currently the government is making adjustments in order to portion out more money into the preventive health care sector and this is partially due to the wellness Care Reform Act created by President Obama.However, as good as this sound, this act has been met with much criticism. The government is still quite hesitant to allocate funds for several reasons the estimated costs of spending is different based upon the type of preven tive care that is provided, lack of evidence to show the effects of a decrease in rising health care costs due to preventive measures, and the evidence shows that the actual cost to implement preventive measures is more costly. For example, a naive medical test such as one that is given for cholesterol can detect if a person has cholesterol.The idea behind early signal detection would be to provide patient education in hopes that the patient would not have to lose on medication and this condition could be able to suss out this by eating salubrious and exercising. With early detection, the physician is able to assist the patient in monitoring their behavior. This action is presented two-fold the patient is empowered to take stir up of his health and the cost that was involved in the test is minimal thus keeping costs down by ensuring the patient is monitored and does not have to get on medication.One of the downfalls with funding preventive care is that neither the government o r the physician knows if the illness(es) that is being prevented bequeath be costly or not. It has been state that prevented care is beneficial when a certain radical of people suffer from a particular problem, yet it is difficult to target such a group because medical care cannot be predicted and often times many of the patients are asymptomatic. Preventive health care measures can be costly especially when physicians track down to test for everything and this added cost exceeds the savings which is what they are trying to do.Therefore, this is a catch 22 situation. Preventive care is meant to save money while the government does not see it in that way. Therefore, they restrict the amount of money that is allocated for preventive care. Interestingly enough, the idea that preventive care is beneficial however, when you look at costs in the long run, preventive care may not be that beneficial. An interesting point to notate is that regardless of how the government is not allocatin g funds equally into the preventive health sector, many physicians have implemented preventive care services and started educating their patients.Most of this is done done a regular office visit therefore, it does not look like the patient is coming in for preventive measures. Wellness Services Physicians are not the only one that is not relying on government funds to help with preventive measures. Large corporations are equally involved in wellness (Aldana, 2005). Many corporations are offering incentives to their employees. For example, no-account Cross Blue Shield offers wellness benefits to their employees that maintain a healthy lifestyle to include not smoking, weight management, hypertension and high cholesterol management.This company has even done for(p) as far as to offer financial incentives offset the costs for health insurance. The employees have access to a gym that resembles at a come in of approximately $10 per month. The employees have access to a personal traine r to help them with their weight management. BCBS have a health care team which visits the place and gives blood tests to determine their cholesterol level, hypertension, and smoking. This incentive allows employees to be seen for free and receive the proper treatment for free.To add more to this plan, the company gives the employee that meet the requirements for a healthy lifestyle, the gives the employee money titled Wellness each pay period. This is incentive enough to some people to continue to live a healthy lifestyle. authorities interaction Great Britains wellness Committee believes that the government should fund preventive care yet incorporate clear guidelines. The group feels as though the government should fund those with fluctuating needs.This seems to be an answer to those that are uninsured or underinsured. This committee however, does agree with the US government that prevention even though is better than treating the symptoms is quite expensive (Great Britain, 2009 ). According to Masters 2005, even though prevention is costly, it is recommended because the government is wasting money on illness that could have been prevented through the use of prevention and these illnesses can result in lifestyle and environmental risk factor changes.It is believed that high quality can cost the government more money it is the level of quality care that is provided to the patient that prevents future costs and this is the whole intent of preventive care (Masters, 2005). Currently the government is offering incentives for health care physicians that use electronic health records. The first incentive was for $144,000 however, the government fails to incorporate some form of incentive for healthy living. It is unlike that many physicians will take the government up on the incentives before it is mandated in 2013 for all physicians to use some form of electronic health record.Many critics of this feel that incentives such as this should be going to help fund som e form of preventive services. In an effort to answer the need for preventive measures in Americas health care system, the department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is investing $750 million into prevention and popular health (hhs. gov). The funds are distributed into tobacco use, obesity, heart disease, stroke, cancer, immunizations, and patient education. The idea is to be able to target individuals that are faced with these conditions and educate them so that history will not repeat itself.In order to assure that the funds are allocated correctly, DHHS has decided to disburse accordingly 298 million for community prevention 198 million for clinical prevention 137 million for public health (health departments) 133 million for research and tracking (quality assurance). The general idea is to work as a unit to ensure that once the funds are allocated to the utter department that the organizations are able to utilize the funds accordingly. Apart from the government not all ocating enough funds to go into the preventive care sector, the individual is responsible for their appropriate level of care.Conclusion Regardless if the government is willing to pay for war or for health it is up to the individual to make sure that they are living in a healthy manner. Many people feel that to live a healthy lifestyle is costly, this may be true however, by taking runty measures, they are able to prevent many of the diseases and illnesses that occur. For example, if obesity is a problem and this is a medical burden which accounts for over 10% of median(a) spending (Finkelstein, E. A. et al, 2009).People that have this condition are able to eat smaller amounts, start to exercise, and monitor the intake of junk foods. By making these small adjustments, the individual is able to help combat obesity and not rely on the government to fund preventive health measures. The same thing that a physician would say to someone that is obese is the same thing that the individu al can find online. References Aldana, S. G. Financial Impact of a Comprehensive Multisite Workplace Health Promotion Program, Preventive Medicine, vol. 40 (2005), pp. 31137. Finkelstein, E. A. et al (2009). Annual Medical Spending Attributable to Obesity Payer- and Service-Specific Estimates, Health Affairs, Web Exclusive (2009), pp. w822w831. Great Britain parliament House of Commons Health Committee. (2009). Social Care. United Kingdom The Stationary Office HHS Press office. (2011, February 9). Retrieved from http//www. hhs. gov/news/press/2011pres/02/20110209b. html Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice. Burlington MA, Jones Bartlett Learning.

Open-source mobile application development

Application Development for pinch Data Collection This wipe out the best degree project identified disasters and emergencies as a global humanitarian and technological ch in eachenge. Emergency way organizations bring for get to to accurate and up-to-date schooling ab pop the want situation, to help respond to, recover from and mitigate the effects of disasters and emergencies, present a challenge to the study of Genomics.Today the drop of remote sensing technologies presents an increase number of lotions. There are types of spatial info, however, e. G. Submerged, invasions or otherwise hidden features that still require emergency field personnel and volunteers to interpret and record. By utilizing the change magnitude ubiquity and computational power of modern smoothness, in order to reach a large number of potential users and volunteers, a energetic action for emergency field selective information collection was developed.It was developed as a component of a system t hat, In order to be as collaborative, adaptable and affable as possible, excessively to re rootage-poor organizations, was, with a minor exception, sail throughly open- spring licensed. Field trials were held that, due to low participation, could not conclusively evaluate the application and its general applicability to emergency field data collection. They did, however, offer an adequate proof-of-concept and showed that it was possible to apply the application and the Implemented system to a specific emergency field data collection task.The system has great collaborative potential, achieved through openness, mobility, beats compliance, multi-source capability and adaptability. Its administrators re given a high degree of control that lets them adapt the system to agree the flowing users and situation and its flexibility make it widely applicable, not only for emergency heed. From literature, the field trials and the experience gained while developing and using the applicat ion, some Ideas for up(a) the application and the system were discussed and some future research topics were suggested.Acknowledgements The author would like to express gratitude to his supervisors for helpful read-through, comments and suggestions and for their positive attitude which helped him believe In the project end-to-end its velveteen, his family and friends for their interest and curiosity, Sandra Person, for her support, understanding and valuable comments, and to all the participants of the Field Trials Thank YouAppendix 3 Field Trials Instructions and 63 Appendix 4 Application exploiter Guide (non-final version) Dictionary and Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface bathroom be described as a group of pre- constructed software components that developers merchant ship combine and use for creating new software. A collection of algorithms, classes and/or data structures for e. G. Performing specific tasks or communicating with other software. Disreputa bleness beg A type of request standard publish by COG (2013) and used by WFM clients to retrieve information about a specific bottom offered by the WEST.DECADE The Android application developed as a case study during this thesis project the Emergency Data Collector for Android. EEOC Emergency Operation Centre, a post where emergency wariness leadership can gather to receive and analyses information, including spatial data, and coordinate rescue and relief efforts (Cutter 2003). Excitabilitys A type of request standard published by COG (2013) and that is sent to WHAMS or WFM services to query the service for available layers, options and capabilities in general. Gadget request A type of request standard by COG (2013) that is used for requesting map images from a WHAMS.GIS Geographic Information System a system capable of managing and using spatial data, aiding in activities much(prenominal) as data collection and storage, viewing, map creation, manipulation and analysis. GEM Ge ography Markup Language, a spatial data standard published by COG (2013). For yet description see Table 3. GAPS The Global Positioning System a system of satellites that broadcast signals which allow devices with GAPS receivers to calculate their position on the Earth. Layer A layer is a digital representation of a collection of physical features, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as roads, buildings, lakes etc.Each layer consists off specific geometric type such as a Point, Line or Polygon and has common attributes, such as road length, building use category or lake area. A layer can be displayed on a map e. G. By querying a geopolitical horde. COG Open Geopolitical Consortium a consortium of organisation agencies, universities and companies that develop common open standards promoting geographic information accessibility and interoperability (COG 2013). Open-source Refers to computer software for which the license includes a number of access and use rights to its source code, defin ed by the Open Source Initiative (OSI 2013).That is, users may for example look under-the-hood of the program, modify it or any purpose and forward it to other users directly. SO Operating System a basic device software that manages platform for managing and interacting with all other applications on the device. Server Refers too geopolitical server, see take in 3, whose address can be stored in DECADE. It is a computer software system which can be sent queries over the Internet, in this case for geographic information to display on top of Google Maps, and to which data can be uploaded.SF Simple Features Specification a spatial data standard published by COG (2013). SLD Styled Layer Descriptor, an COG (2013) web map styling standard. For hike up description see Table 3. Smartened A hand-held device for mobile voice-, text- and data chat that has a fast Internet connection multiple sensors, including camera and GAPS receiver. Its hardware is powerful enough to browse web pages and run advanced computer programs (mobile applications). a good deal uses large (for hand-held phones) touch-screens. spacial data Data with a spatial component, I. E. Coordinates, that are defined by an SIRS and that bind the data to physical locations or geometric features. SIRS Spatial Reference System a system defining how coordinates relate to locations on Earth. WFM Web Feature Service, an COG (2013) web mapping interface standard for function geographic features. For further description see Table 3. WHAMS Web Map Service, an COG (2013) web mapping interface standard for serving map images. For further description see Table 3. 1. Introduction Since 1980, 2. Million people have lost their lives in the 21 000 events recorded in the most comprehensive source of natural catastrophe data in the world (Munich Re AAA, p. 49). Total global material value lost due to natural disasters during the period is estimated at 3800 thousand million IIS$, with a distinctly rising trend both n th e annual rate of loss (Maureen and evanesce 2011) and the annual frequency of inform natural disasters. In addition, technological disasters (e. G. Industrial or transport accidents) contributed with on average 9000 deaths per year during the last decade, 2002-2011 (FRI. 2012).One tool for improving emergency management is industrious access to accurate and updated information about the emergency situation or disaster. Such information can be of vital importance for emergency management to enable distribution of the right resources to the right places at the right multiplication and for proportioning the efforts which have the greatest benefit. Much of this essential information has a spatial component, such as extents and locations of damaged areas, the locations of spatial data, are useful in all phases of emergency management (Cutter 2003 Al- Shuddery 2010).There are, however, challenges to overcome in the utilization of spatial data and geographic information systems (GIS) in the context of emergency management, as recognized by e. G. Geezer and Smith (2003) and Manicurist (2005). One such challenge is providing termination makers and field workers with access to data that are accurate and sufficiently up-to-date for their specific purpose. For data that cannot be captured with remote sensing techniques, such as satellite data and aeriform photos, or stationary monitoring networks (see e. G. Liana et al. 005), emergency management organizations have to rely on field data collection by employees and/or volunteers. As pointed out by EL-Gamely et al. (2010), recent remedyments in software and hardware technology have enabled real-time access to and collection of spatial data in the field. Many groups have utilized the increasing ubiquity and capabilities of modern smoothness for developing field data collection systems (e. G. Enhances et al. 009 Clark et al. 2010 xx et al. 2010 White et al. 2011 Chem. et al. 2012 Decant et al. 2012 Went et al. 2012).Sev eral of these groups have developed such systems as open- source projects, which can potentially benefit society in terms of supporting collaboration between developers, allowing derivative work to build upon precedent achievements and allowing less resource-strong communities access to these useful data collection tools. This project builds on these notions of open access and collaboration in creating a free and open mobile GIS and field data collection system. A system that is tailored award emergency management and has a high degree of scalability and adaptability to organization-specific require.It makes use of existing open-source technologies for the server-side architecture and for the development of a mobile application, henceforth known as DECADE (the Emergency Data Collector for It only requires distribution of DECADE and the server address to those devices. 1. 1. Aim The main aim of this thesis project is to develop a mobile application as a component of a complete open -source system for emergency field data collection. A secondary aim is to evaluate the mobile application to discern whether it is applicable to emergency field data collection and how it can be improved for that purpose. 2.Background This chapter describes the context in which DECADE may operate* and why it is useful. By defining and describing disasters, emergencies and emergency management, and by outlining the role of spatial data in emergency management, the rationale behind its development is illustrated. Undertaken and examples of the technology, standards and open-source licenses available to it are presented. This will provide background for intervention about and aid in the development of the proposed system architecture and the implementation f DECADE that is presented in the System Design and Case Study chapters.The join Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISON) is developing a body of terminology for use by the emergency and disaster management communities. It is intended to improve the work to reduce disaster risk by making the use and understanding of common vocabulary consistent throughout the community (UNISON 2009). To help levy this common understanding this report will, where applicable, use the definitions proposed by the UNISON. 2. 1 . Disasters & Emergencies To understand the importance of emergency management and the environment in which DECADE and the proposed system (see member 3. . ) could be utilized, the nature and frequency of disasters needs some attention. The following definition of disaster is proposed by the UNISON A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to repugn using its own resources. UNISON 2009, p. 9 To study disasters, there are several database projects that record disasters and related information. Some of these databases are cr eated and managed by re- insurance companies (e. . Munich-Re and Swiss-Re). Since these companies provide insurances for other insurance providers, when disastrous events cause widespread damage, they are often gifting a significant part of the recuperation costs. Thus, in addition to e. G. Universities and political organizations, these re-insurance companies have a natural interest in studying disasters and emergency management. Table 1 Catastrophe categorization developed Jointly by Munich Re, CREED, Swiss Re, the United Nations Development Programmer (UNDO), the Asian Disaster ReductionCentre (DARK) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISON) in 2007. Source FRI. 2012, p. 251-252. Natural disasters Biological plant louse infestations, epidemics and animal attacks. Geophysical Earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and dry mass movements (avalanches, landslides, recalls and Climatologically Droughts (with associated food insecurities), extreme te mperatures and wildfires. Hydrological Floods (including waves and surges) and wet mass movements (avalanches, landslides, recalls and subsidence of hydrological origin).Meteorological Storms (divided into nine sub-categories). Technological Industrial accidents Chemical spills, relegate of industrial infrastructure, explosions, fires, gas leaks, poisoning and radiation. Transportation Transportation by air, rail, road or water. Miscellaneous Collapse of domestic or non-industrial structures, explosions and fires. Natural catastrophes are by far the most common and the most costly type of event, both in human and economic losses.According to the ME-DATA database, during 2002-2011 (not counting non-natural, non-accidental events), natural catastrophes caused almost 13 times as many deaths as technological causes and in excess of 37 times as much economic damage (FRI. 2012). Among the types of natural catastrophes, in all parts of the world meteorological and hydrological catastrophe s are the most numerous (Munich Re AAA). When it comes to fatalities, however, most are caused by geophysical events or, as in Europe and Africa, climatologically events.Asia, universeness the largest and most populated region, suffers the largest number of catastrophes, the most fatalities and the highest amount of overall economic losses, while North America alone has 65 % of the worlds insured losses (Munich Re AAA). In recent years, current and future changes in the global climate have been projected o cause meteorological, hydrological and climatologically extreme events to become more patronage or more intense in many areas (Parry et al. 2007) and an increase in the number of, as tumesce as losses from, weather-related disasters have been identified (Bower et al. 007 Maureen and Breathe 2011). However, as the work by Maureen increase in losses. It may be, as argued by Bower et al. (2007), that its mainly the increased susceptibility of human societies that is causing curre nt increases in losses, due to expansion of settlements into sensitive areas and further arbitration leading to a concentration of population and wealth at risk. In any case, the need for better resilience to catastrophic events in human societies is increasing, and significant efforts to improve emergency management before, during and after an emergency event are being made. . 2. Emergency Management DECADE and the proposed system for which it is designed are intended to be used for emergency management, which incorporates all aspects of how communities handle emergency situations. It involves risk assessments as well as planning and education for improved preparedness. It involves policies, guidelines and routines for how to organize participants and resources available, to best respond to the events homeless and for recovering efficiently in the hours, days, months and perhaps years after an event.It also involves how communities learn from mistakes and take steps to reduce futur e susceptibility to similar events. More succinctly put emergency management is The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, answer and initial recovery steps. UNINSPIRED, p. 13 In what form emergency management is used depends on the type of emergency that is being considered, but distinguishable strategies may be more or less general in their applicability to different types of events (see Table 1).The different phases of emergency management are commonly described as forming a cycle ( compute 1 Cutter 2003 Manicurist 2005 EL-Gamely et al. 2010) with some form of categorization of the relevant emergency management activities. put down 1 depicts one such interpretation using three phases based on the definitions below. Response The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public saf ety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. UNISON 2009, p. Recovery The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. UNISON 2009, p. 23 Mitigation The lessening or limitation of the unfortunate impacts of take a chances and related disasters. Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional retort and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. UNISON 2009, p. 21 Preparedness can accordingly be thought of as part of the mitigation phase, although its sometimes defined as a separate fourth management phase (e. G. Abdullah and Lie 2010). The duration of the phases shown in Figure 1 can, according to the definitions above and those mentioned by Cutter (20 03) be approximated to hours to weeks for the response phase and months to years for the recovery phase. The mitigation phase lasts indefinitely or until a new emergency event occurs.As explained by Manicurist (2005) each emergency management phase should ideally be conducted in a way that facilitates success in the next phase, but in the ease of rebuilding societies in the recovery phase this is often overlooked in favor of apace restoring societies to their previous states. Emergency events can occur in many different ways, as shown in Figure 1 by the three arrows representing the emergency event. They can strike with full intensity immediately and then slowly subside, like an earthquake which is followed by smaller after-shakes.They can slowly increase in intensity until they abruptly end, like a drought becoming increasingly severe until rain comes and quickly rejuvenates vegetation and fills rivers and lakes with water again. They can strengthen and weaken gradually, eke a flo oding disaster during which the water level slowly reaches its peak and then slowly retreats again. Events can also be singular surprise events, as the figure in Cutter (2003, p. 440) might indicate, which are over before any sort of response can be organized. Such events might be e. . Sudden landslides or singular earthquakes. In line with the above definitions, the overlapping of the phases depicted in Figure 1 illustrates, first, that the response phase can begin while the emergency event is still ongoing. Second, restoration of facilities in the recovery phase can step to the fore (and might even be necessary) revived. Thirdly, it illustrates that mitigation concerns should be addressed already in the recovery phase so that the recovering society will be more resilient to future emergency events.Regarding societies resilience to catastrophes, it can be defined as The ability of a system, community or society unresolved to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover f rom the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. build resilience in a society includes many kinds of activities both aimed at reverting catastrophes from occurring or reducing their impact and at improving how the society can respond to and recover from them (Table 2).A notable prevention strategy used in many countries is using land-use planning to restrict development in hazardous areas, albeit with different approaches to assessing risks and what actions to take (e. G. Contain et al. 2006 voltaic et al. 2010). Other mitigation strategies include e. G. Construction linguistic rules, warning systems, protective structures such as flood barriers (Godchild 2003 De la Cruz-Arena and Tilling 2008 Galvanic et al. 2010) and evacuation plans (Chatterers et al. 009).While many such strategies may be effective, there is also a need to ensure that plans and regulations are pr operly enforced. This is not always the case, specially in poorer countries, as discussed by Kenny (2012). Table 2 Examples of strategies for mitigating catastrophe effects and for improving response and recovery after catastrophes. The division indicates whether they aim to prevent or reduce damage or to improve handling of damage after the event. Mitigation Response and Recovery Land-use planning Insurance against losses Construction regulation Education and Awareness Warning system development Response plansProtective structures Improvement of tools for emergency management Plan and regulation enforcement SAID development for improved decision making With regard to coping with (responding to and recovering from) catastrophic events, building economic buffers to ensure the availability of resources, I. E. Insurances, is a common strategy. Munich Re (AAA) estimate that approximately a quarter of the financial losses that occurred due to natural catastrophes 1980-2012 were insured. Of these insured losses, 81 % occurred in North America and Europe (Munich Re AAA). Kenny (2012) also notes that the victims themselves still pay most of the cost

Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines

Research PaperM.V. Sai RamAP17110020010Branch ECEHYDRAULIC TURBINESAbstractThe starting part of the paper contains the choice of small turbines for run of the river power imbeds. Then a discussion is given on the optimization of the performance of different types of cock-a-hoop turbines.Finally a discussion on the safety and necessary maintenance of turbines is given with special attention to bolt connections.A set of empirical equations has been developed which defines the visor efficiency and shape of the efficiency curve for hydraulic turbines as a function commissioning date for the unit, rated head, rated rise, runner speed, and runner throat or propensity turbine jet diameter.The aim of this investigation was to develop an environmentally friendly nano -hydraulic turbine utilizing fallss. A model of an impulse type hydraulic turbine constructed and tested with an indoor type waterfall to arrive at an optimum installation condition. Effects of an installation parameter, na mely distance between the rotor and the waterfall on the power performance were studied.The flow field around the rotor was examined visually to clarify influences of installation conditions on the flow field. The flow visualization showed differences of flow pattern around the rotor by the change of flow rate and rotational speed of the rotor.Every single turbine is custom-designed specifically to meet the requirements of a hydroelectric power plant.Performance of a designed turbine is validated, to some(prenominal) extent, by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Field performance testing of hydraulic turbines is undertaken to define the head-power-discharge relationship that identifies the peak operating point of the turbine. This relationship is of the essence(p) for the efficient operation of a hydraulic turbine.The art of hydraulic turbine design never stands still but always progresses. In recent years study emphasis has been on the materials of construction and on suc h features of design as will reduce maintenance work and costly outages in the field.LimitationsHydro power plant or we can say that hydraulic turbines are widely used from the last decades. It is an efficient renewable energy source.There are many up and downs. Hence there Some limitations as shown in below,1.It is a renewable energy source. Water energy can be used again and again.2.the political campaign cost of turbine or less compare to other.3.It has high efficiency.4.It does not pollute environment.5.It is to maintain.

Top Down Leadership vs Bottom Up Leadership

Top down Leadership versus Bottom up Leadership Top down leaders has in many ways been the cultural midget in terms of leading styles for probably the longest snip in history Likert termed it Exploitive authoritative. In this style, the leader has a low c erstrn for mint and uses such methods as threats and former(a) fear-based methods to achieve conformance. Communication is al around entirely down wards and the psychologically distant touchs of bulk be ignored. (Likert, 1969) Top down leadership has had a deep impact and so much intertwined with gentlemans gentleman gloss that it is deemed to be obviously the natural form of leadership. in that location are many other forms of leadership styles being nurtured so as to adapt with cultural changes and views on leadership roles, not to say they are any lesser only when sneak down and sink in up were at both extremes of the leadership spectrum hence choosing to focus on the two.The structure of most organizations is base d on an autocratic power structure that is based on the notion that the workers need to be very closely supervised by those in management. In the distant past thither may create been some truth to this assertion, however, in todays world it is becoming increasingly spurious. Yet after a unhurt crapper of culture change initiatives carried surface in many organizations very little positive change has occurred. The reason is clear to see as the hierarchy is by nature move to retaining the status quo between the roles of those called bosses from those labeled the workers. (para11, Jaap, June 2011) Bottom-up leadership however occurs when employees become innovative and head wording, making suggestions and pushing boundaries. Thought leadership is similar, although it is much almost championing new ideas than managing people or helping a group achieve a goal. However, in both cases, the leadership gutter be directed upward, and it ends once senior managers accept the proposed ideas. (Ki-Young & Mi-Jin 2008 summer p. 9) The concept of pervade up leadership requires a person to think outside of the box because it challenges mainstream beliefs and ideologies as regards to leadership roles. There is an oriental saying that states cup would have to be poured out to allow room for more a filled. Which implies putting aside of cardinals wisdom so as to learn new material. Jaap characterization of a bottom up leader is that An effective leader is considered to be someone who has the power to share a compelling vision of a desirable outcome, create the environment in which a group of ndividuals work as a cooperative team focused on turning the vision into a reality. (Par5 Jaap 2008) For most people the bottom up concept is relatively not applied as it really should due to the concomitant that people who are in leadership roles scat to have insecurities if more flexibility were to be offered to employees. The leaders deem that people would in actuality deve lop some form of negligence to those that are in position of authority.Take for instance the anti government protests that developed all across the Middle East, these protests are as a result of people who are frustrated by the teetotum down leadership style being carried out by their leaders. Leadership as it was in these Arab nations was flowing only on a downstream when it came to the issue of communication, for the peoples concerns were being met by wild force which included jail term and death in some cases to any person that seemed to offer an alternative to the top down leadership that was in come to the fore.The western world has a strong belief for equal rights for all and most importantly the right for all to live a fulfilled behavior and it is quite apparent as the Arabs began questioning for these same rights their leaders who had their heads buried under the sand were under the assumption that their usual scare tactical manoeuvre would eliminate the flames of revo lution. However, these were not the usual times in Arab nations, the revolutionary flames burn on rampantly towards the leaders who have in all actuality failed to lead their nations due to the fact that they led as though they had eternity to rule, which was the greatest mistake to have done.They failed to observe the change in tide as the world around them continue to evolve, more and more people getting connected via internet. Social media had set up stage for people to voice their concerns as to what directions their leaders were getting them to travel, their lose of empathy and lost track of reality only looking for more ways and means to en puffy their bank accounts, assets and investments at the cost of people. Had the approach been taken on a bottom up approach the outcome would definitely have been different due to the fact they would have had empathy and understanding for a bottom up leader is as follows.The leader is part of the team and accepts that on occasions other m embers of the team may in fact take on the leadership role because they have the necessary capabilities to deal with particular situations more so than the nominated leader. The working environment is based on trust and respect for each other and the language is about our leader, colleagues, team, accountability, achievement, success, and celebration rather than boss, staff, levels, roles, responsibility, remuneration, and appraisal.There is a constant sharing of information between the team members and sincere converse about issues that may be contentious because colleagues have different perspectives and expectations. By transparently dialoguing these and all other issues the best solution is more likely to pop out because the team is able to make the tough call when necessary. They tend to avoid meetings and discussions based on consensus as they know from experience that this process tend to put forward a solution driven by the lowest common denominator and frequently not wha t is needed by the organization. Par7 Jaap 2008) Not wanting to seem all in any case pessimistic towards top down leadership, there are certain areas such as the s oldiers organizations or police force where top down leadership is and strongly believe impart continue to be employed in such areas to the unforeseeable future because the whole system is heavily based upon order. The military organizations in America are applaud able and should be exemplary for the rest of the world military to emulate, not to be deemed as a war fanatics but rather as an organization that understands what entails protecting its citizens.Leadership however is what directs them to war, peace, rescue missions etc for that is typical for those who are disciplined to follow top down leadership. The whole system tends to absorb its people in focusing on rules and procedures designed to keep everyone in their appropriate place doing exactly what each tribe dictates its members should be doing. Most organiza tional language is about reinforcing the master/servant or parent/child relationship that appears to be an essential part of the military eccentric of hierarchy (par4 Jaap May 2008).Keeping this in mind we also have to understand that the discipline they have did not just appear out of nowhere, they had to support rigorous training in order to be transformed into a command structured person. Rivers stated in his research There is little question that one of the chief causes of the great prevalence of nervous disorders in the war is that vast numbers of men have been called upon to endure hardships and dangers of unprecedented severity with a quite insufficient training.There is equally little doubt that the special nature of the duties involved in trench warfare has taken a large part in determining the great frequency of neurosis. (Rivers 1920) An argument that a critic would say is that Rivers wrote the book almost a century back, technological advancements have been made in lea ps and bounds to outweigh nervous disorders and the two to three month training period is very much sufficient.In the article The stimulated effects of war T, Stan states Some veterans of past wars have recovered from their traumatic experience with the right care, but what we need to ask ourselves is how we can protect them from amiable trauma before they are even sent to fight, as opposed to treating their symptoms once the deep psychological damage has already been done. (Stan. ) Unfortunately the fact of the upshot remains to date that there are soldiers that suffer psychologically as a result of doing what their work requires, which is top down leadership at its dim definition.These military examples indicate that as much as human beings have made top down form of leadership a reality it can be extremely costly because war is not quite human nature otherwise there would not be reports of psychological issues as a result of following orders to the bitter end The aflame eff ects of war on soldiers very often hinders their future achievements too as they find it unsurmountable to imagine or plan. (Stan. By majorly focusing on the psychological effects of extreme top down leadership one can deduce that as a result of exposing human natural emotions through such experiences has daunting and drastic effect that the individual would have to bear on a private basis that even further affect the social aspect of life and family life. It takes training the human qualities to this image of a soldier to serve further implying how top down leadership does not quite just come naturally but is instilled on a person.The approach towards bottom up leadership simply put emphasis on doing what human beings do best which are being social creatures that we are. Human beings generally have more tendencies to show concern for just about anyone in distress disregarding all other factors such as race, nationality, etc. bottom up leadership works to gird on the basis of es tablishing social relationship as its core foundations because people are really the most important asset any institution or organization could possibly have.Focusing on who people are as human beings develop empathy on the part of a leader and people tend to give more effort when they feel people actually do care and understand where they are coming from. The emotional intelligent professional is a master of building relationships, which provide the foundation for developing the influence required to make things happen. To become a master yourself you must develop your emotional cognizance and learn. (Wall, 2008, p37) In life it has become apparent that common sense in most cases is not quite common for human beings have invested great time and effort towards scientific research as to how better efficient leadership could be achieved and the human factor was just but an element on the output signal line where efficiency of workers has and always been based on individual output wi th little or no attention to the needs of the laborer.For an organization to be severely established to withstand the tides of change, greater emphasis should be made in the areas of relationship development as being the major component in the morphologic base. As we facilitate organizational change efforts for client companies, we find it helpful to use a few nautical metaphors to remind them that they cant comptroller the winds or seas of change but they can adjust their sails (Sipe & Frick 2009, p142). With the development of social media a much broader avenue has been made when it comes to unifying people bent on same beliefs and course of actions.The Middle East crisis is the emancipation of a top down form of governance at its wits end where fear tactics no longer played the factor, for people were united in common bond for social change as they deemed injustice was being played against their idol given rights to granting immunity. The protesters dropped all they were doi ng, businesses, government financial institutions and so on were all brought to a halt because the nations work force saw that it could no longer be business as usual when their leaders have no real concern for their needs.Now you may ask what has this to do with culture change in organizations. My response would be to say quite a lot as the reasons the various regimes fight to retain the status quo is a reflect image of what goes on in organizations. They may not use armed weapons but they do tend to make significant use of traditional, psychological and fleshly methods to quell any imminent revolt by employees. Jaap, T (par2 June 2011).Creativity is an essential part of the human nature that fosters new ideals, inventions and venture to greater senior high by virtue of imagining beyond the sum of ones present circumstances. In order to facilitate these qualities individuals have to have a form of freedom that makes it conducive for free flow of knowledge and ideas based on the fact that they no longer see the work they are doing as work but develop a sense of ownership and passion in the roles they have to perform in the organization.Most organizational leaders would highly appreciate workers that take in enthusiastic views and effort to work for it energizes the whole team. Not only would that develop a healthy working atmosphere but the productivity also will definitely be increased exponentially because everyone would understand that they are valued and all their inputs play a vital role in the operational process. some leaders are more than likely going to argue that bottom up leadership could only cause chaos in the work place rather than productivity as a result of everyone having self expression as to how they look at life in the organization. The leaders in most cases forget an important concept that they themselves are called to serve. Rather than leading in a group top down leaders would rather lead beforehand of the group which implies egotis tic approach on the whole leadership process for the individual leader seeks to gain attention as being the alpha dog-iron of the group.Bottom up leadership however is focused on developing team spirit in the organization where people unite to tackle the line at hand with clear objectives of getting the job done right and credit is made to the team as a whole. Not only is bottom up leadership a healthy form of leadership style it will in most cases increase employee retention hence ensuring that the organization has committed people on the team which does go a long way in comparison of trying to build passion in people who are disgruntled by leaders that only understand my way or the highway form of mindsetThe importance of team development could not be understated, they are what hold organizations together, by professionalizing conflicts in actuality if done well fosters healthy working relationships. Conflicts should not be taken personally and working roles need to be well defi ned so that those involved have good understanding of their responsibilities as pertaining to the task at hand. As being part of the team one has to be actively involved in the decision making process by adding input so as to take the participatory approach.While in a team it is also good to remember that when there happens to be problems in the organization it is very likely that 85% percent is as a result of system failure and 15% people A main force behind my thinking is the conviction that a management style from the bottom up, instead of top down is more effective. Main reason for this is that by being stimulating and facilitating people are better equipped to perform their tasks high motivation, less stressed and more able to absorb complexity.I am convinced that if this style of management is in your brain, you have a more tolerating, productive and positive mind set, and one that is based upon trust instead of fear. I am convinced that educating around the globe about this style (instead of the old top-down directive leadership style) will have an amazing impact on more than just how businesses are run. It is about a better human-human interaction. (Par7 De Baar 2008) References Likert, R. (1967). The human organization Its management and value, New York McGraw-Hill Jaap, T (June 2011).Culture change by evolution or revolution. Retrieved from http//bottomupleadership. com/ Jaap, T (May 8 2008) . Why is leadership failing? Retrieved from http//bottomupleadership. com/why-is-leadership-failing/ N, Ki-Young &J, Mi-Jin (2008 summer). Bottom- Up Design Leadership as a Strategic Tool. Retrieved from http//www. dmi. org/dmi/html/publications/journal/pdf/08193NAM59. pdf W, H, R, Rivers (1920). Instinct and the Unconscious. Retrieved from http//en. wikisource. org/wiki/Instinct_and_the_Unconscious/War-Neurosis_and_Military_Training Jaap, T (may 3 2008) Being a Bottom up Leader.Retrieved from http//bottomupleadership. com/being-a-bottomup-leader/ T, Stan. The e motional effects of war on soldiers. Retrieved from http//www. healthguidance. org/entry/11261/1/The-Emotional-Effects-of-War-on-Soldiers. html B, Wall (2008). Working Relationships, Mountain view, CA Davies Black Publishing 37. J, Sipe & D, Frick (2009) Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership. NY/ Mahwah, NJ Paulist Press 142. De Baar, B (2008). Bottoms Up Leadership style for a better world. Retrieved from http//www. basdebaar. com/bottoms-up-leadership-style-for-a-better-world-168. html

Nutrition Information on Food Labels †a Waste of Time and Money?

NUTRITION INFORMATION ON FOOD LABELS A WASTE OF TIME AND money? maintenance discipline on nutrition labels is very utilitarian and serve wellful for consumers it is not a waste of time. In this essay I bequeath save up about the history of nutrition labelling and later I will concentrate on consumers who should read food labels and those consumers who read the food labels. After that, I will focus on the importance and the advantages that randomness on food labels have.In the last part, I will write about problems that customers have when reading instruction manual on food labels. diet labels came legally to life in 1906. Everything started in the USA beca role the Food and Drug Act said that food labelling is needed to defend consumers from economic harm to reducing consumers risk of chronic disease. In 1993, the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act (NLEA) required mandatory food labelling on most products excluding coffee, spices, raw foods and take away foods.Regulat ions apply mostly to processed and packaged foods and require specific culture on food labels same(p) chance on of the food, list of nutrients (fat, sodium, total carbohydrates, dietary fibre, proteins, vitamins A and C, some(prenominal) minerals, calories and Kilo calories), the name and address of the manufacturer, the place of origin, serving sizes, expiry date, nutrient content claims, health claims and information about Recommended Daily Intake (RDA) of nutrients while consuming 2000 calories.In the European Union, legislation on food labelling wants to protect, inform and help society to make familiar choices. Every manufacturer should provide the required information to ensure that consumers will be satisfied when buying their products. Food labelling regulations help the consumer to buy safer food. People be more confident when choosing products if they know what a token product consists of. Nowadays most of the nutritional labels are very advanced and show detailed i nformation about each nutrient and ingredient.Consumers read the labels mostly to improve their intake in good nutrients (proteins, fibre, good fat, vitamins and minerals) and minimize intake of unhealthy nutrients (saturated fat, sodium, cholesterol) that a particular product contains. Those who experience cardiovascular problems, are over charge and obese or have type 2 Diabetes should read nutrition labels very care in full to bar senior high intake of nutrients which are significant risk in causing or worsening the illness.Consumers who are allergic to certain foods use nutrition labels to invite information about the ingredients that they must not to eat. The most common allergic foods are milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soybeans. Some of the above foods may cause instant(prenominal) death or digestive problems like celiac disease or lactose intolerance. Also, the elderly people should read the labels to meet their dietary requirements, which diff er from different age groups. Pregnant women should control their Vitamin A intake derived from animal organs and increase their intake in folic acid.Vegetarian and vegan groups will find nutritional labels very useful particularly about the proteins and ingredients derived from animals. An other(a) group of consumer reads information on food labels for personal reasons, for instance to exclude genetically modified foods or religious reasons. seek findings in different countries show that significant amounts of consumers use nutrition information on food labels. Surveys done in the United Kingdom have shown that 58% of those interviewed use nutrition labels.Those people recognize their diet as an important part in their lives. 17% use the labels for nutritional advice. Another study in America has shown that society is interested in nutrition food labels and use them while shopping or at home. The research showed that people with more than high school education are more likely to read the labels. In Canada consumers with small financial income, the elderly and less educated were less likely to use and understand nutrition labels. In Australia and New Zealand, 34% of consumers read the nutrition food labels.Significant groups of parents with young children usually use food labels to check the information about fat and sugar intake. Another advantage of nutrition information on food labels is that consumers look at the labels when buying unknown food products (for exercising from different parts of the world). It allows people to try exotic and extraordinary cuisines. Nutrition labels are guides to healthy feeding and improving diet in beneficial nutrients. They help to avoid bad nutrients and remove bad products from our diets.For instance, manufacturers must inform on food labels that the product contains hydrogenated fat which is more harmful than animal fat. Nutrition food labels draw our attention to healthiness. In America, surveys demonstrated that co nsumers compare food products to purchase the ones with lower fat and sodium amounts. Information on food labels positively influences consumers that would like to prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Those consumers choose low fat and low sugar products. There has been found a connection between reading the labels and losing weight.In other words, people are more aware of what they eat and make their decisions consciously. Scientists from two American Universities estimated that the total monetary benefit of decrease in body weight was $63 to $ 166 billion over a 20-year period of the costs of the NLEA. Food labels also help to reduce deficiency in certain nutrients. For example costumers who omit iron or fibre in their diet can easily choose food which is high in those nutrients while reading information on the back of the packaging. Legislation on food labels has brought another benefit for consumers.Manufacturers have to follow the rules and cannot wrongly label products . The Food Standards Agency in America is obligated to protect customers against dishonest manufacturers. Retailers must label their product appropriately and must string it correctly. Labelling food is not only good for consumers but also for manufacturers. They accepted that the more information they show on the labels the correct product will sell. It is a great deal for consumers who can find out more exposit about new products. There is a campaign running around the world called 5 a day.With these words health organisations try to induce consumers to eat at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables both day. Manufacturers and retailers in the UK joined the program and present the information on their food labels. The Information draws consumer consciousness and helps them to realize that eating more fruits and vegetables will reduce the risk of certain diseases like cardiovascular disease. Apart from regular nutrition information on food labels on the back of the packagi ng, manufacturers present some coloured, highlighted instructions in the front of the packaging.This message is much easier for customers to understand than the directions from the back of the product. Usually the information shows the amount in grams per 1 serving and the percentage of daily intake of the nutrient (calories, fat, sugar, protein, sodium / salt). On the other hand, nutrition information on food labels needs some improvements. Food labels should all look the same and equally present the same list of nutrients with the same percentages and amounts. It will be easier for the consumer to memorise one kind of label.Unfortunately, every manufacturer labels their products differently. Consumers do not have time to spend hours in a food store. For example, a co-op retailer in the UK presents its own labels which describe high, medium and low to help consumers to choose healthier products and understand the label more. In fact, industry organisations see it as misleading info rmation considering that these labels could be snarled to sell for example fat in food which is indeed very beneficial to maintain balanced diet.The next problem is that the consumers lack an understanding of the character of different nutrients presented on the labels. The European Heart Network found out that consumers widely read nutrition food labels but do not fully understand them. Often, amounts of nutrients require calculations and consumers do not have enough knowledge about the different nutrients that are important in their diets. The macrocosm Health Nutrition journal informed that converting information from grams to grams per serving size caused difficulties.Nutrition labels should respond to consumer needs and give clear and simple instructions. In conclusion, nutrition information on food labels is not a waste of money. The idea of presenting this information is great because it helps customers to see what packaged food contains and choose the best product that su its them. The information on food labels gives instructions for people who are allergic and have food intolerances. It is also a guide for the consumer on how to start or maintain eating a balanced diet and how to avoid unhealthy and harmful nutrients.However, nutrition information on food labels still needs improvement to enable better public understanding and this is an area that needs to be addressed. References 1. Angela Shine, Seamus OReily, Kathleen OSullivan (1997) Consumer use of nutrition labels. British Food daybook, Vol99, Iss8, p 290-296 2. Carolyn D. Berdanier et al. , (2002), Handbook of nutrition and food, California, CRC Press. 3. European Public Health Alliance, (2005) Food labelling in the EU purposes, principles and challenges URL http//www. epha. org/a/2006 4.Food and Drug Administration, (2011) Food allergies What you need to know, URL http//www. fda. gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm079311. htm 5. Food Standards Agency, 2010, Understanding labelling rules , URL http//www. food. gov. uk/foodlabelling/ull/ 6. Food Standards Australia, New Zealand (2011), Labelling of food. URL http//www. foodstandards. gov. au/consumerinformation/labellingoffood/ 7. Gill Cowburn, Lynn Stockley (2005). Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling a systematic recap, Public Health Nutrition, vol16.Pg 695-708 8. Hawkes Corrina (2004), Nutrition Labels and health claims the global regulatory environment, Geneva, World Health Organization. 9. Howard Moskowitz, Michele Reisner, Jonhn Ben Lawlor and Rosires Deliza, (2009), Packaging Reasearch and Food Porduct Design and Development, Iowa, Wiley-Blackwell A bathroom Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication. 10. Labels and Labelling Data and Consultancy Services Ltd, (1984), Guide to food labelling, Part 2 Claims and misleading descriptions Labels-Law and Legislation England 11. M.L. Neuhouser, A,R Kristal, R. E. Patterson (1999), Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intakeJournal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol99, issue 1, pg 45-53. 12. National Health Service, 2009, Buy healthier food. URL http//www. nhs. uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/readingfoodlabels. aspx 13. Nayga, R. M. , Lipinski, D. and Savur, N. (1998), Consumers Use of Nutritional Labels While Food Shopping and At Home. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 32106120. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-6606. 1998. tb00402. x 14.Stephen Havas, Jerianne Heimendinger (1995), 5 a day for better health-nine community research projects to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, Public Health Reports, vol110, issue1, pg68-79. 15. Variyam, Jayachandran N. and Cawley, John, Nutrition Labels and Obesity (January 2006). NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w11956, pp. 16. Variyam, J. N. (2008), Do nutrition labels improve dietary outcomes?. Health Economics, 17695708. doi10. 1002/hec. 1287 17. Vernal S. Packard, Jr (1976) processed Foods and the Consumer. Additives, Labelling, Standards and Nutrition. Ontario, Burns MacEachern Limit ed.