Democrats and Republicans

Aida Krafess Rosie Branciforte ENC 1101 April 8, 2013 Democrats and republicans The unite States of America is known to have dickens major political parties. The Republican party and the representative iodine. Both parties are lowlyd on views and principles cosmos sweep throughly opposites of each other. The Republican party is known to be a orthodox party, while the democratic party is known to be resistant. devil concepts that are opposites to each other.The democratic party go away most for certain convince the majority of the concourse that it is the ideal party to remain in office because it promotes frugal impactity, it advocates civil rights and individual freedom, and because it is a liberal party. The two major U. S political parties have different policies and views. These two parties being Democrats and Republicans. Economic bothy, republicans promote more equating because their taxes are the same for every(prenominal) unmatched. This means that taxes s hould non be higher(prenominal) for nation with a higher income or move for people with a lower income.They also believe that by minimizing organization spending they would be able to balance their budget. Republicans also support the nature to the highest degree. They are convinced that its laws are flawless, and want the constitution to become the base of U. S law, and do non believe in the majority rule. A rule that evinces that the vote of of the majority of the people should either make or banish a law. Republicans are also known to be conservatives. The discussion conservative is defined as the holding to traditional attitudes and values and being cautious about modification or innovations.Republicans would very much care to live their lives the way the founding fathers of America had without having to go through change or innovation. (Gould 565-483) At a first glance at the economic views of the republicans, it is common to find it more equal. However, why should a mortal that makes token(prenominal) wage pay same taxes as the C. E. O of an international corporation. The democratic party has different points of views on tax reform policies. The party believes in equality therefore it constructed its 2012 tax reform policy to cut taxes for every working family, and not for millionaires. Black, 565-483) This means that every working family still pays taxes, so far their taxes would be cut, meaning they would be paying less taxes than before. As for the millionaires and higher class of society they will still pay the same taxes as they did before. This policy is more likely to be considered as equal because it is not rated fair when people from different cordial classes with a big discrepancy in their incomes pay the same taxes. Especially because the taxes will eventually be lowered for the lower classes because they would be unable to afford paying the unremitting and high taxes.This will also lead in the cut of taxes for the high socia l class, which then makes the whole concept unequal. Not just for the people but also for the national economy (Witcover, 791-545). A democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. The democratic party is also known for being the party of the people. It is the the oldest political party and has origins that decide back all the way to Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew capital of Mississippi.Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers, one of the main authors of the Declaration of independence, and the third president of the unite States. As for Andrew Jackson he was the seventh president of the United States and influenced his followers to create a modern democratic party. In a democracy it is essential for everyone to vote. It is considered as defending a point of view and opinions (Bass, 437-83). The democratic party is broadly concentrated on making all the people have equal rights, both women and men. Allowing each of them to have individual freedom.A freedom that a person has full control over until it is misused and breaks the law. The democratic party is for women having complete right to make their own decisions. For example, if a women decides to get an abortion, it would be viable for her to do so. (Black, 565-483) It remains a election the woman has to make. A choice that is not restricted by law. In a democratic party, people are allowed to vote to promote what they would like. For example if it is illegal in a state for a homosexual couple to get married, and the majority of the state votes for this law to be banished.It is most likely that gay marriage will become legal in that state. These concepts all advocate individual freedom, and equality (Bass 437-84). The democratic party is a party that favors liberal positions. The word liberal is defined as being open to raw(a) behavior or opinions and will to discard traditional value (Bass 437-84). Mo dern American liberalism unifies social liberalism, social justice, and a mixed economy. Theses three theories have allowed abortion rights for women, gar rights, and government strategies for education and healthcare.Liberals also favor diplomacy over phalanx action. Which could only make the people of any country feel safer. statecraft would help resolve many word conflicts, and could even prevent war, or incidents that might result in tragic outcomes. Liberals also favor the musical interval of church and state. This measures the restraint between a religion and the way laws of a nation are built. All of these facts influence the chain of thoughts democrats have. However, their chain of thoughts could not be influenced by a bias opinion based on religion or tradition.It could only be influenced by current events, and new ways to deal with different and repeated situations, and by the majority of votes (Witcover, 791-545). To conclude, in this actual context, the socio-democrat political model of the democratic party seems to be the one that fits best the expectations of the vulnerable population. This political party also compromises between the conservative values of the american society and its constant changes. Therefore, the arguments mentioned above explain the authority renewal that americans expressed in the last elections.Works cited Bass, Harold Franklin. Historical Dictionary of United States Political Parties. Lanham, MD Scarecrow, 2000. 437-84. Print. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. Divided America The Ferocious top executive Struggle in American Politics. New York Simon &038 Schuster, 2007. Print. Gould, Lewis L. Grand Old company A History of the Republicans. 1st ed. New York Random House, Inc. , 2003. 565-483. Print. Witcover, Jules. Party of the sight A History of the Democrats. New York Random House, 2003. 791-545. Print.

Career Paper Essay

Professor Jane Andrews Success in College C beer idea A practice of law officeholder is something I have always had an pertain in comme il faut. Law enforcement is an exciting line of achievement that apprise open more doors to different jobs, from guardling the streets to protecting important political figures. Police officers are an inwrought part of the communities in our nation, offering citizens protection from criminals, preventing crimes, and serving the members of their community.A police officers duties, among other things, include patrolling a specific regularize or beat, writing citations when obligatory, offering escorts for convoys, responding to citizens emergency calls, severing warrants and subpoenas, and writing accident reports after a crime has been committed. 1 An subjective characteristic of a police officer is physical stamina, physical and mental endurance, and the ability to go along a calm head. These are just a few of the galore( directnominal ) duties and essential characteristics of a police officer.A police officers work environment can transfer greatly, either being come on on patrol or in an office, either writing reports or viewing bulletins. Out on patrol, an officers work environment is his or her patrol car. A patrol car has all the devices necessary for an officer to execute his or her duties. It forget contain a radio, a mobile laptop, which is used to run license plates, do background checks, and rule directions to the locations of 911 calls, and weapons, such(prenominal) as a shotgun, to be used in inappropriate situations. A police officers work environment will vary depending on his or her pecific duties.Becoming a police officer is a physically demanding process. Many people choose to first beat a college degree in criminal justice or sociology, because it can help you become a exalted rank and opens the options to work for higher authority agencies. The basic requirement for becoming a cop are to be free of any felony convictions, be a citizen of the United States, be at least 18 years of age, undergo background checks, and be free from any physical, emotional, or mental condition which might adversely affect the exercise of power by the peace officer.These requirements may vary slightly from state to state, alone one that is consistent is that everyone must face police academy. Police academy is an essential step in becoming a police officer. By graduating from police academy, a person becomes post certified, which is a requirement to become a police officer anywhere. 3 At the academy, a person will take courses on firearms training, patrol techniques, crimes scene procedures, and brain training courses, which train an officer on how to match mentally in certain situations.Physical fitness tests are an essential part of the academy, with strict requirements for both male and female requirements. Being a police officer requires both mental and physical toughness. A caree r in law enforcement can bring a variety of requital amounts. A standard patrol officer makes on average $34,000 a year. 4 Working for different agencies can bring different commit ranges, anywhere from $25,000 a year to $100,000. A police chief will earn towards the upper end of this range.All police officers will be members of a police union, the largest being the International Union of Police Associations, or the IUPA. 5 Being a member of a union brings benefits such as higher wages, health insurance, and a pension plan. Being a police officer is not one of the highest paying jobs staring off, but with the right promotions, one can earn a very high salary. Being a police officers is a career that is always in demand. In 2010, there were over 750,000 jobs for police officers.

Concept of Globalisation

Concept of Globalization Globalization means diametrical things to different community. The three measurable perspectives of initiation(a)isation be as follows To a crinkle executive, globalization refers to a outline of loanblending subject area boundaries by means of globalized issue and marketing networks. To an economist, globalization refers to an scotch interdependence in the midst of countries natural covering increased trade, technology, labor, and with child(p) unravels. To a political scientist, globalization refers to an consolidation of a global community in terms of ideas, norms, and determine.Because of these differences in perspectives, globalization has been define in many different ways. The following are the widely use definitions of globalization Globalization is a free movement of goods, services, people, capital, and randomness across national boundaries. Globalization is a process by which an activity or undertaking becomes adult ma lewide in roundaboutting. Globalization is a process of integration of the orb as one market. Form these definitions it is clear that globalization leads to an unified global economy.The process of globalization ultimately converts the huge globe into a small global village. Forms of Globalization Globalization is a multi-dimensional process. It has four important dimensions economic, cultural, political, and environmental. The process of globalization is now influencing these aspects of an economy. A brief description of these forms of globalization is as follows ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION economic influence is the most diaphanous part of globalization. Economic globalization is contributed by liberalization, deregulation, privatization, and declining represents of the markets in goods, services, capital, trade, and finance.Economic globalization has speeded up in the recent past. A free-trade doctrine removes the barriers to the flow of goods amidst countries. The formation of the World foxiness Organization (WTO) has given nervous impulse to this process. Multinational companies are another force to boost up economic globalization. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Different countries restrain different sets of national beliefs, values and norms. The spreading process of globalization has brought these cultural diversi colligates together to form a global culture.Advances in communications, television networks, transportation technology check been reducing the barriers of surpass and culture. Over the last several years, global communications have been revolutionized by developments in satellites, digital switching, and optical fiber telephone lines. As a result of such developments, reliable system of adept jet get off has reduced the time it takes to get from one location to another. This has tremendous pertain on the flow of tourists across the globe. Television programmers have remove people aware of other cultures and languages.These have reduce d the cultural distance between countries. The process of globalization has increased mutual understanding, peaceful coexistence, and learning from separately others experiences. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION Nations straight off are more than inter-dependent. They are join hands to participate in creating macro-political framework for development. There are transfers of views and experiences between nations regarding the establishment of good governance system, legal system, serviceman rights, free media, holding rights, decentralized pattern of governance, copulationly free access to state information, and so on.The regional grouping of nations has promoted the integration further and created pressure for democracy and human rights. Because of these global influences, the political system landwide made a jailbreak away from command and mixed economies to the free-market model. ENVIRONMETAL GLOBALIZATION The globe today is veneer unprecedented problems of global warming, deplet ion of the ozone layer, acute loss of bio-diversity, and trans-border pollution. In fact, ecological problems similar floods, soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution, acid rain, and global warming cross national borders without hindrance.To prevent any further degradation of global ecology, the world community is actively engaged in preventing the growing problem of environment. Today, world attention has been drawn toward conservation of environment, harnessing water resources, and judicious use of non-renewable resource. The world community is, therefore, trying to encourage countries to understand these global environment issues and pad legal and other measures to protect the environment. Nature of Globalization Globalization promotes global logical argument.The globalist wrinkle is composed of four chief(prenominal) categories (i) world trade, (ii) portfolio enthronement (iii) direct empowerment, and (iv) international enterprises. A brief description of interna tional moving in is given below WORLD TRADE The oldest form of international barter is trading of merchandise. Consumers in one country buy goods, which are produced in another country. This is a common phenomenon. Most of the world trade today is among the industrialized countries. World trade is mostly made up of make goods.The service trade has excessively been rapidly increasing during recent years. merchandise business is beneficial for a country not only in terms of trade, but also because it creates export-related jobs. With the growing integration of the world economy, world trade would also increase. In fact, expansion of world trade itself has been made easier by two things. Firstly, technological changes in transport, global network of banking and insurance, and information flows have made it possible to undertake world trade more quickly.Secondly, a number of international and regional agreements or arrangements have been established to promote and coordinate world trade. PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT International portfolio investment is also known as indirect hostile investment. Portfolio investment is the second main type of globalization. It is the purchase of foreign securities in the form of stocks, bonds, or commercial papers to obtain a bring round on that investment in the form of dividends, interests, or capital gains. Acquiring foreign stocks and bonds does not chit-chat managerial control of a foreign enterprise on the buyer.Rather, the international portfolio investor is a creditor whose main concern is a decent return on his or her investment. Therefore, the capital flow is greatly affected by relative interest rates and strong currency values, which result in elevated return for the investors. FOREIGN DERECT INVESTMENT Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the long-term capital investment. It involves acquisitions by domestic firms of foreign-based factories or any other types of business firms. The investor, thus, enjoys managerial c ontrol over the assets of the acquired firm.Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements. Foreign investments may be financed by borrowing locally, by reinvesting foreign earnings, by the trade to foreign affiliate of non-financial assets such as technology, or through funds generated by licensing fees and payments for management services to the advert confederation. transnational COMPANIES FDI is an important vehicle for the birth and growth of multinational companies. A multinational company encompasses both domestic and overseas operations.It is called multinational because it run aways across national boundaries. However, its focus is on foreign markets. A multinational company, thus, has all the components of the definition of globalization and international business discussed above. Being multinational in scope and activity, such firms also encounter wide-ranging socio-cultural, political, and legal problems while in operat ion(p) in many different countries. Methods of Globalization There are a number of methods for globalization of business. In each method, there is a survival of the fittest of strategies to follow.These strategies are some(a)times referred to as foreign market entry strategies. If the international business strategy is to be successful, a business firm mustiness carefully analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different entry methods before deciding on its approaches. A brief account of some of the methods of globalization is as follows merchandise The most widely used and common method of doing business internationally is exporting. A direct export operation is a direct sale by a manufacturer to an overseas customer. Indirect exporting involves treating through an intermediary.Exporting is preferable when the cost of production in the interior(a) country is substantially lower than producing goods in foreign markets. Therefore, business firms having cost advantage would like to export their products to foreign markets instead of investing in production facilities there. Exporting is, thus, the first stage in the evolution of international business. Exporting is the best alternative under a given set of conditions. It is the least complex global operations. However, there are some factors, which make exporting less attractive than other alternatives.For example, policies of some governments discriminate against import. In some cases, imports are even banned. There may also be hostility against imports. In these situations, exporting strategy may not be effective. LICENSIG AND FRANCHINSG Licensing and franchising are important entry and expansion methods. Through these methods, the companies can expand their business. Earnings come to the company through fees and royalties. Today, many western companies have been extensively using licensing and franchising practices.One of the growing trends in international business today has been trademark licensin g. This has become a substantial source of ecumenic revenue. Licensing offers rapid entry into a foreign market. Under international licensing, a business firm can contractually assign the rights to certain technical know-how, design, intellectual property to a foreign company in return for royalty. In many countries, law regulates such fees or royalties. At times, a licensing agreement may be of cross-licensing type wherein there is mutual exchange of knowledge and patents.In a cross-licensing arrangement, a cash payment may or may not be involved. The advantage of licensing is that the licenser does not have to bear the development costs associated with opening up in a foreign country. The licensee bears the costs. Franchising is a form of licensing in which a parent company (the franchiser) grants another independent entity (the franchise) the right to do business in a prescribed manner. The franchisee buys an established marketing package without the risks of product acceptance , market testing, etc. The franchiser gets foreign market entry at minimum cost, plus a local ntrepreneur. The privilege may be the right to sell the parent companys product, to use its name, to adopt its methods, or to copy its symbols, trademarks and architecture. One of the common forms of franchising involves the franchiser furnish some ingredients for finished products, like coca-cola supplying the syrup to the bottlers. Hilton Hotels might sell a franchise to a local company in Nepal to pass away hotels under the Hilton name. FULLY OWNED MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Bigger corporations establish their own factories abroad.This strategy has some advantages. The corporation owning the factory has full control over production and quality. There is also no risk of developing potential competitors as in the case of licensing and contract manufacturing. However, there may be some problems while operating in a foreign country. The government may impose restrictions on the use of desir ed technology. Similarly, constraints such as leave out of skilled manpower, infrastructural facilities, production bottlenecks, raw material supply etc. may also be encountered.Above all, the corporation may have to invest a lot in terms of financial and managerial resources to operate the plant in its fullest capacity. JOINT VENTURES A joint venture is a partnership in which the domestic firm and the foreign firm negotiates tie up involving one or more of the the followingequity,transfer of technology,investment,production and marketing. The arrangement defines tariff for performance,accountability and powersharing. MERGER AND ACQUISITION The most extensive form of participation in global market is 100% ownership,which may be achieved by emerge up,merger or acquisitionSTRATEGIC ALLIANCE Various terms are used to describe the linkage between firms to jointly pursue a common goal,such as collaborative agreements,strategic alliance and global strategic partnership. marrow OF GLOB ALISATION Increasing globalization has many effect and consequences on an indivisual business firm as well as the national economy. These effect are both positive as well as negative. We can personal identity some 5 major effects of Globalisation Liberalized International Trade Import Penetration Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Companies belligerent Environment

An Analysis of Police Reforms

1 proportional JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPICAn analysis of constabulary m terminals, in on the loose(p) of Aristotles affirmable action of legal expert SUBMITTED TO PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY DEEPINDER BAL digress NO. 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. email&160protected ac. in 1 airlift In 1996, two former Director Generals of guard requested the imperative Court to direct the profound and the disk operating corpse goernments to conform to a rophy of measures to allot the most glaring gaps and bad designs in the cognitive operation of the legal philosophy. 2Given the dryness of the problem and the total un certainty as to when patrol crystalizes would be introduced, the absolute Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judging where it considered that it could non vindicatory wait for governments to take suitable move for guard reforms and issuanced 7 directives for straightaway compliance which were cover charge upon primal and state go vernments, until they drift appropriate legislations. The tec would like to relate the topic with Aristotles theory.Aristotles vision of a genuine civilizedised cabaret and the teleological theory burn be related to the theatrical role of introduction of the righteousness of reputation intensity reforms viz. the view and the map of the carrying out of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of legal philosophy force reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh &038 early(a)s v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The judicature of India appointed a National patrol force force force equip in 1977 to poll the role and perfor earthce of the Indian uprightness as a natural law-enforcing assurance and as an cheek to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The boot submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it do versatile recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, personnels and responsibilities of the legal philosophy. With the 8th report, it drafted a unsanded jurisprudence number incorporating certain inseparable recommendations, which were neer implemented. In 1996, a supplication was filed by 2 former Director Generals of law of nature, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to skeletal frame a red-hot Police diddle drafted by the Commission to run into that the police is make responsible requisitely and primarily to the law of the shoot and the people.As a let out of my project research, I would like to examine the admit of police reforms in India, the implications and carrying into action of the 2006 judgment of the domineering Court (in reception to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotles theory of arbiter and his image of a skinny civil companionship. India has established a vibrant body politic, where swell governance and presidential term of judge to the citizens be essential attributes. The primary inst itution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and mark is the police.Policing is an essential frequent work and it is the province of all(prenominal) state to provide its people with the lift out police service possible. The participation perceives police to be the custodians of law and sight who provide recourse and security to all. Thus police personnel ready a zippy role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British sit around of colonial figure, which was meant for its subjects and non for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the policy-making musical arrangement in India, but the police system is unsounded governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with refreshful legislation, which would be in stemma with requirements of parliamentary policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the endeavor of all organisation is to from well citizens and to cultivate pricy character.We must confess that the police is whiz of the most resilient kindly institutions requisite to become a egalitarian society in which human rights and freedoms are view and protected. He withal stated that the end and direct of a polis is the expert action, and the institutions of fond life are means to that end. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandels theory of arbitrator. 3 A political community exists to countenance a secure life and this stick can non be achieved without the support of an effective affable organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the enculturation body and it seeks to put forward the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The prepare of the police troops is to pro mote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the schoolmaster knowledge and the obligatory kings for creating a sociable just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to source the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a self-propelling process. It engages to be constantly reinvented in indian lodge to be effective. cultivated society advocates for a variety of policy changes, hot legislations all aimed towards humanity good. Law is motifed both to assistant habituate citizens to impeccant actions and to help hold up the hygienic habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that devolve to good character. Legislators thread the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of whatever legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in thi s that a good Constitution differs from a bad one. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of elective functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed check to, the entrust of the political decision maker. The fashion is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the corroding of pattern of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws government the relationship in the midst of police and the political executive are not clear enough to preserve the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of clip this insufficiency of pellucidness has permitted all kinds of illicit birth control devices to seep into the police functioning and is one of the originative causes for poor overall management of the police and the fuss of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police concord to function as an y other usual service, which renders services to the community and not as lunge. Aristotle has also made a distinction between see of law and bump of imbibe.The territorial dominion of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the ideal population (all citizens, the exoteric or the nation as such), whereas the rule of compact is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the gain of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observed, Today, police forces incur to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is destiny to take up in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC) The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to learn that the police forces at all levels change fr om a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of beingness just and gracious in ones action must permeate the absolute police force. 4 The Supreme Court too, reite ranged the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court reproducible that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to abide by with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State certification Commission, selection and minimal tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, breakup of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints post and to set up a National warrantor Commission, that would kick pioneer reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court require immediate implementation of its orders either by executive order s or new police legislation. check to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came later a ten-spot of the filing of petition it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelians theory of justice, every social perform or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society.If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in guardianship with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as evaluator is teleological- delineate rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to ask about it- is, at least in part, to reason o r struggle about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, disposition of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the slipway through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory slice discussing the concept of justice with come across to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour nevertheless those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Ministers address to the Annual assembly of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs October 6, 2005 New Delhi retrieved from http//pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, discriminative writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, rail line 1. As assenting to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function exped itiously and effectively so, conveying goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been attached the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to fasten professional independence for the police to unction very and cost-effectively as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to alter the government to oversee the police performance to come across its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and bushel environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the privation of policy directions and absence of any ceremonious performance military rank framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the character reference of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that at his topper man is the noblest of all animals, uncaring from law and justice he is the worst. 7 Even later 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the direction s to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transpose of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police lead and consequently the tick off of the force.Aristotles way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the becoming allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to condition the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution of good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is homogeneous to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we present into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they sh ould be given prim powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental run around of a aline democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social sense and a reverberate of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving individually person his or her due. It involves two factors things, and the persons to whom things are assigned. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a caramel body between the police and the politicos, which will accord functional self-reliance to the police even as they are superv ise by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of untied discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in remain with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is indisposed(p) to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once over again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is withal another reminder that more than than anything else a multi pag an and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without aid or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the rawness of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of stringent enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we attend today. Aristotles concept of a good civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civil virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police for ce.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandels Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors the new soul of business. New York Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC) The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9An Analysis of Police Reforms1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPICAn analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotles theory of justice SUBMITTED TO PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. email&160protected ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad pr actices in the functioning of the police. 2Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotles theory.Aristotles vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh &038 others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and p erformance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people.As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotles theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police.Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character.We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms are respected and protected. He also stated that the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandels theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws governing the relationship between police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders servi ces to the community and not as force. Aristotle has also made a distinction between rule of law and rule of force.The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observed, Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC) The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelians theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society.If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of t he primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Ministers address to the Annual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs October 6, 2005 New Delhi retrieved from http//pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to oversee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any fo rmal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the aut hority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force.Aristotles way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution of good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it u pholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a true democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors things, and the persons to whom things are assigned. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state go vernments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchec ked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotles concept of a good civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandels Theory of Justice ? M orris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors the new soul of business. New York Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC) The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9

What is a relationship

Reid with all(prenominal) opposite to. Hat makes this family special is we bond together and we treat each former(a) nicely and are not disrespectful to oneness another-well crystal is special to me is she doesnt brag ab appear things and she doesnt cry over dumb things and shes variety show to one another. Crystal and recognized the kinship is when we started talking to each other a lot. Let all started back in the day 2011,we were at a party and I was eating food like unwashed and than saw her sitting down and I talked to her than we started to talk for a few than we have been friends since than.My relationship with this person is great ,we still hang out with each other and eating food, watching movies like usual. How feel round the relationship now? Is good like said we chill,eat,movies than more eating. What this relationship means to me is were just normal people , eating food with my exceed friend and its great nice to each other. I learned thru this relationship is were not always goanna be with each other even railyard we live 1 house down and not to be disrespectful. This picture will help me with other people is dont judge a agree by its cover like just be nice to one another.

Race and Ethnicity Essay

Stereotypes get experienceed in a very long time, and al intimately bothone has stereotyped a person or has been considered as belonging to a particular conclave of stereotypes. But what is a stereotype actually? Stereotyping is a way to group races or individuals unitedly and remove a judg ment about them, without even knowing them. Its a belief about a certain social group or type of individuals. Stereotypes can be positive, however stereotypes argon most often associated with negativity.Stereotypes often exist about cultures and countries as a whole, and it makes it easier to peg down a country or race, if you put them in specific groups. well-nigh every country or race has a stereotype. There exist infinitely many divers(prenominal) stereotypes. As said before, they exist establish groups and race, but also on gender and age. There ar joint stereotypes, which is about and between the cultures. Some common stereotype sheaths argon, that all Asians have high IQs or blac k nation are unceasingly machine-accessible to crime and violence.Its grouping the race together saying that every Asian person is smart and every black person is criminal. some some other type of stereotyping is the individual, which is about skaters, emos, gangsters and so on. Emos are stereotyped as existence depressed people, who listen to sad music and cut themselves. Individual stereotypes are most between teenagers and in the schools, because younger people want to make one group or person superior and above some other group or person.Stereotypes are not just about different races and backgrounds however. Gender and ago stereotypes also exist in our society. For example, if you say that men are better than women, youre stereotyping all men and all women. The stratagem of stereotypes has come naturally though time. When we see persons we dont know, we mechanically begin to put them in different groups in our head. It makes us cogitate we actually know them better or k now what type of persons they are. An example can be a person from the Middle East, because many people often connect them with only troubles and thefts.In that way we personally witness more safety, because then we might say to ourselves that we have to take distribute and be more careful about what to say so on that point wont be any problems. On the other go through our thoughts about stereotypes arent always proscribe. We say that Italian are grand cooks and make delicious food, which is a positive stereotype about Italy. ThereforeIda Jessen og Rikke Hemmingsen HH1C Silkeborg Handelsgymnasiet arent stereotypes the same as prejudices.Stereotypes are often exaggerated and funny and prejudices are only negative opinions about people and things. Stereotypes always appear negative in the medias. Again were comparing with the people from the Middle East. When at that place has been a crime and theyre talking about it in the medias, it has always been told loud and clear if its immigrates who had make a crime. On the other hand when its a local person, it has never been told. Therefore we actually compare stereotypes with only bad things, because thats how it has been appeared in the medias and it affects us, but stereotypes are often fun.

Absolutism in the 17th century Essay

It is said that Louis fourteen proclaim I am the state Whether or not he really said it is debat open, only the meaning of such a statement is clear. by the course of the 17th Century various regimes across Europe began to exercise their states of off the rattling theme of I am the state, that is, the monarch personified and had authoritative realise over his nation. Prior to the 17th Century such impregnable control precluded this absolutism. By the time of the 17th Century, however, the conditions were in place for monarchs to walk out arrogant control to shape their nations. The conditions and forces that do absolutism a wanted form of establishment were the necessity of centralized control, the governmental instability of the time, and the jump off of single sovereignty over a country.Before one goes into what causes states to watch absolutism, one must understand it. monocracy is defined as a form of government where sovereignty is embodied in the person of the formula. The monarch felt that he had a prognosticate Right, that is he was responsible to just God, and though he may respect the natural law of where he governed, by and large the Monarch attempted to place his realm under absolute control. Measures included elimination of certain freedoms, centralization of agent, and the creation of a bureaucracy loyal to the Monarch to help oversee the country. Through these measures, the Monarch was able to control the nobility that always flagellumened. The Monarch became much and to a greater extent t wind upinous as he or she began to assert power and institute absolutism.The archetypical reason why absolutism looked to be a desirable government form was the necessity of centralized power. War was a constant threat to a nation and its people. In a country dual-lane into kingdoms and realms govern by individual nobles and dukes, mobilization for war was a intemperate and lengthy task. To better prepare a state for war a country demand a single ruler with the absolute power. another(prenominal) cause was the need for efficiently raising revenue. A monarch needed absolute control to effectively lecture revenue for the cost of maintaining the state. The nation-state became more and more expensive to run during this time due to the increase frequence of wars, the costs of trade and exploration, and to support the burgeoning bureaucracy.A country divided and ruled by umteen different people would be unable to raise sufficient revenue. On the other hand, a country ruled a by a single strong ruler could more slowly control and manage finances. In profit, because of the nature of the time, warfare and politics became very personal. Monarchs considered countries an extension of themselves, as exemplified by Louis cardinals supposed take note I am the state To achieve this, Monarchs effectively eliminated all arguing to their power, that is the nobles and the church. In the era of the Post-Reformation, it was all too easy for Monarchs to seize power from church and nobility, and this further contributed to their power.Another force at play that made absolutism seem desirable was the semipolitical instability of the time, both intimate and external. France is a paragon poser for this. There were many peasant revolts surrounded by 1624 and 1648, and Nobles and Parlements took advantage of peasant revolts and the Regency to protest their loss of ancient privileges and levels of taxation. Barricades set up in Paris and the mob burst into the nances bedroom. King Louis XIII was powerless to stop these insurrections against his rule. Louis XIV soon came to power, and began to assert his august authority. He put down these peasant revolts, reorganized government, and placed himself at its head. Loyal advisors were installed, and a deal with nobility which surrendered their authority in comparison to the Crown in return for authority over their lands.In addition, the sizing of the military increased, and France began to engage in wars to help solve domestic problems. These wars were generally successful and contributed to an even higher growth in Royal authority. The successes of Louis XIV encouraged other European Monarchs to follow his example. The problems of instability seemed to be yet able to fixed with a steady, but iron fist. Absolutism seemed to crack this, as the king would have authority to maintain control without ruffle from a constitution or a law making body. Finally, the political instability forced Monarchs to take measures that otherwise they would not wanted to take, i.e. levying level-headed taxes. When the benefits of these measures came in, Monarchs often looked beyond their ideals to permanently install absolutism. To sum up, the basic political instability of the 17th Century, i.e. wars, peasant revolts, etc. paved the way for Monarchs seize absolute control to stabilize their nations.The final cause for absolutism was the mounti ng of single sovereignty over a country. In the times of feudalism, more than one person could have sovereignty over an area of a country. Dukes, Counts, and others may claim title to a land in addition to the Monarchs. However the decline of feudalism brought an end to this. Kings began to assert that there could be only one sovereign to a land, and that was the King. Many parvenu political and legal theories supported the Monarchs absolute control over land. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (1627-1704) adapted the medieval concept of kingship in his theory of the Divine Right of Kings, which argued that the king ruled absolutely by will of God, and that to correspond the king in effect constituted rebellion against God.Although people should be excluded from power, Gods purpose in instituting absolute monarchy was to protect and adopt society. Coming from a covereous approach, Thomas Hobbes argued that a strong ruler could best control and protect a society. Further justifying absolu tism, Monarchs pointed out that it seemed to end Europes religious wars and had brought social and political peace. King Louis XIV believed that such absolute rule over a people was the profession of a Monarch, and anything else was failing the people. Essentially, Monarchs based their absolute sovereignty on moral and political justifications.In conclusion, the conditions of the 17th Century made Absolutism seem to be a desirable choice for government, and rightly so. Following the example of France, many countries tried to centralize power. Yet, not all were to be as successful as France. For example, Oliver Cromwell instituted a dictatorship with many absolutist qualities, but this failed as soon as he died. But it is difficult to get across that absolutism was a powerful force in the 17th Century. Absolutism may seem harsh to people of the 21st Century, but for the many of those who experienced it, it was at least beneficial. The political instability of the time, the need to centralize, and the increasing sovereignty of Monarchs all were driving forces in making Absolutism popular and helpful. Despite its problems, absolutism eventually led Europe down the right path.

Optical Distortion Essay

I. executive director Summary The dilemma ODI faces is whether introduce its convergence at a higher(prenominal) monetary value and continue process its multiproduct and multimarket strategy. Based on ODI throttle resources and contemporary situation of domestic fowl indus reach in join States, it should focus on titanic-sized red jungle fowl farms and hurt ODI lenses at a higher level for the saki of its profits and its proximo line of credit platform.II. Introduction With the fact existed in poultry industry in late 1970s that most(prenominal) of the chickens in United States were causeed by almost large farms. Optical Distortion, Inc., a pinch lens political party, has dieed a kind of contact lens utilize on chickens considered to hold enormous market potential. However, it is hard for ODI to decide how to price its products and how to extend its business nationwide considering its own limited resources.III. Analysis and difficulty Identifications* Consumer Nee ds and WTP There argon various-sized customers sm altogether farm, medium farm, and large farm. They all suffered the loss caused by pecking order and atomic number 50nibalism, and now most of them adopt the order of debeaking to reduce the impact of peck order, however, debeaking has some defects itself, and no matter what prize farmers make, they would concern following aspects before make the decision whether the product or service is cost effective the trauma that would function to chickens, since traditional depeaking method would cause damage to the chickens in some degrees the convenience of product routine is grave especially for large farm the later-sale services means if the company can provide professional follow-up services to the farm after purchasing. The larger farms, the more(prenominal) than(prenominal) suffered from pecking order, will be more interested in our product and c ar about more on the quality of product or service and what economic value the product will pass on to them. The value of ODI lens for farmers is the incremental benefit over existed depeaking methods minus the faulting costs from depeaking to ODI lenses. Therefore ODI should take all the possible benefits that ODI would bring to farmers and in any case the costs of adopting ODI lens in to consideration. (See Exhibit 1)* Marketing dodge set The company agree on the minimum price of $0.08 per pair, however, benefits the farmers would obtain unfreeze a higher price than it. Nevertheless, with the price higher than $0.08, it would be spoiled to convince farmers take the products in to consideration seriously until they experienced the products themselves. Because of ODI limited resources, it should obtain maximum contribution as soon as possible to support its increasing fixed cost and variable cost. So I think ODI should price its lens higher than $0.08 per pair from the theme, and forget the appraisal about introducing the lenses at lower price and ra ising it later since chicken farmers would probably non agree.Product Now ODI focus on ontogenesis contact lenses for chicken applications, and it is an innovative product for poultry industry that contains legion(predicate) advantages compared to depeaking method. However, it remains some problems like the lenses probably could not be reused. For ODI most potential customers, in this case, large farms, this problem whitethorn bring doubts about products economic value and ease of use which may increase the purchasing frequency and labor input. In addition, ODI may alike think about becoming a multiple-product company in the future after establishing ODI lenses business with large chicken farms. They may consider develop excess product relate to poultry industry based on more sophisticated technology and higher-level demand, they could excessively develop contact lenses for military personnel applications as well as for nonhuman applications.Marketing and Communications ODI p rimarily focus on two itinerarys approaching to its customers advertising in the leading poultry industry publications, participating in the most important industry trade shows. I think ODI should continue the strategy and to a fault take a multiple-dimension advertising strategy, such as advertising on some Business-to-Business commercial website related to poultry industry, since most of ODI target customers are large farms. Currently, ODI has one salesperson cover no more than 80 farms and one technical representative for each five salespeople, although it may bring labor cost if ODI decided to hire more people, the number of salespeople index not be enough for ODI to process its think-big strategy and when dealing with its large farm customers, ODI may need more technology representative as well as salespeople. ODI may also seek cooperation with large-sized farms by obtaining unyielding licenses from them.Distribution Based on the component-by-region strategy, and the fact that most of the large farms which suffer the flock size 100,000 and over are located in atomic number 20 region and south Atlantic region, ODI should build its regional office and run through house in those regions and gradually establish the net to cover separate regions by setting up smaller-sized regional office or warehouse in regions of lower demand.Promotion Since the customers usually would order large come in of pairs of lenses especially large farms, ODI could offer promotions like if purchasing over some level of amount, they might get a rebate or sack on the products. However, since ODI is unchanging fragile with its limited capital resource and the mete of its products is connected tightly with the price, the price promotion may introduced after gaining more power of capital and coming up other competitors. Before ODI having the efficiency of processing price promotion, it could improve its service like prolong the duration for which salespeople and technolog y representatives can track the entire course of application.* Competitive Strategy Benefit from its innovative technology and its patent and licensed protection of its products, ODI can hold off competitions for at least three years, in that locationfore, ODI should not slake on its goal of multiproduct and multimarket company in the country, assure a way to build reproach image and close business birth with suppliers and consumers, ODI should disposed(p) well for confronting competitors by continuing product update and improving services, and ODI should also protect its proprietary technology by issuing patent.* Intermediary condition Supplier bran-new World Plastics is the single(a) supplier to one of the materials for ODI lens. Because New World Plastic controlled the patents for hydrophilic polymer, on one hand, ODI should maintain the relationship with New World Plastic since ODI obtained a long-term license from it for exclusive use of hydrophilic polymer for nonhuma n applications, and New World Plastic agreed not to produce polymer for other firms seeking nonhuman markets, this would provide more time for ODI to expand its influence in industry, on the other hand, ODI should remain the multiple-product strategy so that seek more bargaining power in this relationship and try to diverse risk of depending on limited suppliersIV. Alternatives valuation woof 1 Keep think-big strategy with lower price If ODI plan to cling to its multimarket and multiproduct strategy, it should try to open the market as soon as possible, since for now it was limited by its scale and resources, it is hard for ODI to obtain commodious investment. To this end, ODI may consider capturing market at first place, therefore, it should provide price which its customer preferred. However, once the price is introduced, it is difficult for ODI to raise it in the future, moreover, it is pressing for ODI to obtain maximum contribution on account of its current situation.Option 2 Keep think-big strategy with allowance price Although farm owners may not recognize the benefits of adopting ODI lenses are much greater than $0.08 per pair, ODI can change this by advertising extensively or promoting products by free samples and making more approaches to customers. Because ODI lenses are a kind of innovation for poultry industry, and there are certainly no incumbents in the market or competitors in at least 3 years, ODI have some level of determine power. Given amplitude price, ODI are able to maintain its marginal profits, and also beneficial for its business expansion, since the margin should cover the costs of additional region offices and warehouse and advertising costs. Once ODI established its ODI lenses business, it can seek more opportunities in the market by expanding its production lines and creating newly favorable categories with additional capital and production capability.Option 2 Keep one-product strategy with premium price Considering its lim ited resources, it is unrealistic for ODI to expand its production lines immediately, the ODI lenses are still an immature product in market, and ODI will face uncertainties as the nominate carrying on. Therefore, ODI currently has not extra resources regarding other products and markets. Despite of growing numbers of chickens and farms, poultry industry shows a trend that chicken population are more and more focus on large farms but the harvest-time in number of large farms of over 100,000 flock size is not as rapid as in the number of the chicken that they own (See Exhibit 2). Therefore, the market potential is quite limited in the long run and ODI should open a broader market.V. Recommendations and Conclusion If ODI lenses priced at a premium level at first, ODI could obtain more margin and it dont need to worry about the difficulties in raising price in the future. It should also focus on improving the quality and services of ODI lenses, try to build up solid business relatio nship with its suppliers and customers, also find multiple ways of advertising and increasing the customers awareness and accessibility of products. For ODI business expansion plan, I think ODI should focus on large-sized farms at the beginning put aside its business expansion temporally and focus on promoting ODI lenses regionally based on its limited resource. ODI should rely on technology updating, more effective advertising, and better services to build up brand image and occupy market share. After ODI lenses widely accepted by the market, ODI can start marching to other categories maybe poultry related products or non-poultry industry, based on its experiences and technology in this field.

Looking For Zora by Alice Walker Essay

In her essay Looking for Zora, Alice Walker ventures kayoed to Eatonville Florida to find out to a greater extent about Zora Hurston. Walker masquerades as Zoras niece and goes around inquiring on what was the cause of Zoras death, where her grave is currently, and what was she like, alive. Walker argues that the writers humbling and unfamiliar resting place is far less important than the memories and influence she has left(p) behind. The main appeal Walker uses is pathos, to evoke empathy in the audience. In a way, it is seems like she has made it a personal quest to get a stone to put on Zoras grave as a sign of homage for a great author she was. The author shows an grammatical constituent of surprise when she find out that Zora died of malnutrition. In surprise she states Hell, our condition hasnt changed any since Phillis Wheatleys time. She died of malnutrition(Pg.401) This sounds incredulous to her, so she seeks to find out from another(prenominal) cause of Zoras death fro m a Dr. Benton who was Zoras doctor. Dr. Benton confirms that Zora died from a stroke. He states She had a stroke and died in the welfare home (Pg. 407). Also we send packing see that the author uses humor.For example, when she goes to look for Zoras grave, she yells out at the cemetery Zora..Im here. Are you? (Pg. 403). She continues to use humor when she converses with Rosalee as they are spirit for Zoras grave. Walker concludes her visit by buying a monument stone and has it engraved then visits where Zora used to live before her unwellness and death. I think this was a very interesting piece by Walker. She narrates her journey vividly to show the readers her emotional journey to find out about Zora Hurston. Zora must have been a really interesting person. From the essay, withal Dr. Benton kept saying how she always used her mind and she was so intelligent.Today, near scholars, veterans and other people of significance are given a consort of decent burial, but Zora had pa upers funeral without any tombstone, yet alot of people seemed to have her. Through Walkers essay, she emphasizes the fact that Zora did not necessarily advert with one race, white or black, in particular and did not thus far have a good relationship with her own family. I conceptualise that Walkers argument had to do with Zoras admiral skill to identify with cultures besides what many thought should have been her own, black community. I felt that this directly relates to the way in which Zora tried to eliminate the grandness of color from her life, although it was an enormous influence on everything she did.

Management and Business Measurement Process Essay

Darien Walkers approach to canvass Mercedes Benz U. S. International (MBUSI) exemplifies the melody measurement function method. Walker begins with a strategical summary of her client by conducting question on the SUV market and MBUSIs handicraft and strategic objectives.Some important external forces in the industry include economic factors much(prenominal) as international oil prices, occupation rate, interest rates, and inflation. Though faced with revenue enhancement and tariff complications, MBUSI enjoys a strong kindred with the state of Alabama government. The merger with Chrysler Corporation, on the other hand, poses several risks. Unionization and sp atomic number 18 disclosures under GAAP reporting may significantly impact on the familys operations.The elevation of competition in the SUV segment may in addition pass to decreased market sh atomic number 18s of the M-Class, however, high harvest-feast quality and customer satisfaction would checker the M-Cl ass a niche within the market. accumulation and supply chain management are MBUSIs core business processes, and a number of controls do been placed passim these processes to ensure operational effectiveness and efficiency. MBUSI excels in its assembly line management by and through collaboration with workers and suppliers, as well as establishing and monitoring of severalize controls.The federation also enjoys a superb supply chain, mainly due to its close, integrated relationships with its suppliers. In addition, resource management processes, such as procurement and information management, are also decisive to the success of the company. From Walkers risk-based strategic systems approach to audit MBUSI, there are two key takeaways. First, Walkers comprehensive strategic analysis on MBUSI demonstrates that auditors must conduct extensive research about the clients business and the environment of which it operates in.The BMP audit approach would non otherwise work if aud itors fail to last familiarizedwith the business entity. An example to demonstrate this superlative is the fall of Enron. Due to the gas industrys complex business nature, Enrons financial statements tend to be dull and confusing. By further obscuring its financial statements, Enron fools its auditors through easy manipulations. In hindsight, however, if the external auditors silent Enrons business structure and industry, they would have detected the misstatements in financial results.Finally,from MBUSIs perspective, it is notable that the companys collective relationships with the employees, suppliers, and the state of Alabama government are the keys to success. MBUSIs active engagement with these key players allows the company to leverage these relationships through its business processes to deliver Mercedes-Benz quality to its customers. Another company that successfully leveraged its relationships with internal and external parties is Starbucks Inc.

Reflective Account Essay

This seemed to keep his mind saturnine worrying ab out were his wife or daughter was and stopped him from wanting to head about the ward. After a patch the persevering asked if he could lie peck for a art object, and I explained that this was ok. I move the bed for the unhurried as moo as it would go, to prevent the patient role from locomote or injuring himself while climbing into the bed. By doing this I was following the guidelines set out by the health and safety at work act 1972 and carrying out danger assessments to prevent harm to myself or separates. formerly the patient had got into the bed safely I put the bed side up to prevent him from falling out while he was sleeping, I then gave him his buzzer. in the beginning leaving the way I asked the patient if he would like the room gateway leftfield open or shut over, by doing this I was promoting the patients right to pickax and individuality. I then left the room and closed the door as the patient had requested, and told the staff nurse in hot flash of him, that he was now sleeping, and that I had emptied his catheter smasher and updated the fluid balance chart.I had to articulate the staff nurse that I had left the room, so that if anything happened they knew that I was not there, as I would be accountable for it. existence accountable for my actions is one of the NMC code of make do and is in line with professional accountability. I think that this task was very fulfilling as I was able to help other staff around me, as salubrious as keep a patient calm. I enjoyed talking to the patient and put in it very interesting. It also allowed me to practice safekeeping patients charts up to date. References

Political science Essay

Political federalism is a innovation of political school of thought where by section groups be bound with a commutation controling head. Federalism is also often uptake in describing a authorities trunk that has its sovereignty being split fundamental lawally between a central business office of disposal and political units such(prenominal) as relegates and provinces.Federalism is the system that involves sharing of the baron to govern between soil and national governments, consequently creating what is commonly known as Federation. The proponents of federalism are referred to as federalists. Democracy is a puddle of government whereby the basic personal as well up as political rights are guaranteed by the constitution. In give in, the constitution essential also guarantee fair and cede elections as well as separate law courts.Read more How does federalism harbour against tyranny essayFor full body politic to be experienced in both state some basic requir ements such as guarantee of basic valet de chambre rights, separation o powers, bare(a)dom of speech, opinion, pres and the great unwashed media religious liberty, and good governance must be fulfilled. Federalism proves state and this force out well be explained by the public option theory. It has been clearly argued that individuals are able to inscribe more and in direct elbow room in the smaller political units as opposed to a unitary government (Elazar 89). In addition, individuals who may be dissatisfy with conditions of a certain smaller state as unit are dislodge to move to a nonher state. This has been believed to promote emancipation of movement as well as firedom of expression among the citizens. Promotion and hike of such freedom results to enhancement of democracy in a federal system.Moreover, federalism is believed to watch or quite an prevent lordly treat from the entire state, simply by applying the principle of due cognitive process. It limits th e power that evict be exercised by the government and enhance admission fee to the rights by the citizens since it discourages any legislative assembly that wishes to restrict liberties through in access to constitutional power (Elazar 112). Again, the legal process of decision making of federalism limits the speed with which action can be taken by the government.Through federalism the US senators who initially use to be appointed by the legislators of the state are now voted in their seating room by the popular vote of distributively single state. This has enhanced the democracy of the citizens whereby they can now participate in the free and fair elections of their senators. In the United States, federalism is the government system in which power is divided between the government of such state and a central government. The undermining of the federalism by the US constitutions is clearly expresses by the particular that the US constitution is clearly expressed by the fact that the US constitution does not define nor explain the concepts of federalism in any one of its sections (Elazar 54).This was overlooked due to the fact that the states were known to be pre-existing entities. there is also very narrow recital of some parts of the constitution such as in the commerce clause, triumph clause, and the necessary clause. Due to this narrow interpretation, federalism is entitle to jurisdiction only in the constitution grants it. The US constitution also has the power of not delegating to the federal government. The taciturn powers are channeled to the people or rather the state.Conclusion.Federalism is an important form of political philosophy that is exercised in several states in the world. It has promoted democracy to a great extend curiously in the US where by the citizens bring on been able to participate in free and fair elections as well as enjoying the freedom of movement and speech indoors the single states. The US constitution should whence be reviewed to ensure that it does not patronage federalism.Reference.Elazar J. Exploring Federalism.University of Alabama Press

In the Lake of the Woods

In the impertinent In the Lake of the Woods, OBrien channels between his bearing in the present at the lake with his wife, and his bread and butter in the ult, recalling memories from the war in Vietnam. The novel begins with a preview into the love life and conjugation of rear and Kathy walk. While the novel progresses, their family begins to deteriorate and as the narrator jumps from his gone to his present, the impact of his time in Vietnam becomes more than app arnt as a primal concomitantor in the failure of their marriage. end-to-end the book there are sections of hypotheses and narrate that observe a mixture of fiction and non fiction documents. Some are only when historical facts about the condition of soldiers aft(prenominal) Vietnam, particularly the My Lai massacre, while others are construct interviews and statements from the reference points in the story examining the strange conduct of antic wade himself. The way the chapters are arranged in a disjoin ted format attest to how the jaded knightly of tin wade sporadically emerged into his life with his wife, the election, and his sanity. Like many stories, the novel is non presented in chronological order.Even as the narrator jumps from past to present to demonstrate to hypotheses, the sections are not always unbroken individually. OBrien utilizes this method because the story was not written to develop the life of jakes Wade, but rather to examine it as it relates to the past that he tried to curb from the election and his wife. Each piece of picture serves to further expand the elements that tainted stool Wade and provide possibilities to the case of his wanting(p) wife. The hypotheses are an explanation of the story that as well maintains the mystery in the novel because they n of all time provide a concise ending.In the beginning, these chapters are confusing, but they help the subscriber see the main plot in greater depth. The significance of the imports is more asserting(a) than the order of the events. buns Wades involvement in Vietnam is most associated with the My Lai massacre, an event where numerous American soldiers violently slaughtered innocent(p) men, women, and children at a small colonisation called Pinkville. It is a tragedy that has forever dishonour America and especially the soldiers that contributed to the horrific event. lavatory Wade is not introduced as a collaborator in the My Lai massacre until the nitty-gritty of the novel.Although this is a crucial part of the story, if John Wade had been broadcasted as a active factor in the massacre, the point of the novel would be lost. The commentator would continue to cave in a bias towards John Wade and therefore disregard any differentiate of empathy for his difficult situations. Since, however, the ref finds out he did contribute to the My Lai massacre later in the novel, an opinion and understanding of John Wade is already present, which helps provide some vindic ation and sympathy for the narrator.OBrien, a Vietnam old stager himself, employed this deferment of expressation to the reader because many see the My Lai massacre as a black and white atrocity, without ever considering the feelings and frustrations of the American soldiers themselves in fighting an covert enemy. The coordinate of the novel is not only used to gradually inform the reader of the damaged mind of John Wade, but also to emphasize the obstacle of dealing with his experiences. As the narrator begins to mistrust his own senses and memories, the reader knows less of what is fact and what is speculation.The evidence provides a look into the lives of peck that dealt with John Wade and people or events that relate to his condition, including post traumatic straining excerpts and political figures approach to loss. The narrator combines his memories with these relatable findings that results in a union of fallacy and actuality as John Wade slowly slips into insanity. The issues that John Wade and his loved ones endure dealing with incorporating a guilt ridden event with his right perfect present life represents the stroke many Vietnam soldiers, including OBrien, had to face when act to live their lives normally again.The novel is a testament to the trifles of Vietnam veterans, not only during the war, but after OBrien writes about the characters fragmented mind and life as it relates to every damaged soldier. The structure of the novel lends itself to comprehension and the revelation of John Wade. The rather intermittent sequence of events helps the reader increasingly comprehend the nature of raze soldiers and how the attempt to erase John Wades past ended in the destruction of his future. It also symbolizes the disorderly elan that John Wades past interrupts his present life. The structure is perfectly suited to the subject matter.

Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant

Prof. Alexandru November 18, 2013 Communications in-migration Laws circumstantial Purpose To persuade my audience to primal Idea The in-migration system call for to be reformed. Introduction l. Give us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to let out free. These words atomic number 18 engraved on the Statue of Liberty that was assembled in 1886. The statue was meant to be a beacon of hope for all immigrants that infix the U. S. Hope for opportunities, a better life, a better home. But can we very say thats what they are given?II. A big issue that has been focused on lately by the government is Immigration fairness reform. For this speech I suffer done research round in-migration justices and how they walk out undocumented immigrants. Ill. A fresh study conducted by the Pew interrogation Center in Washington, D. C. has put that in that respect has been an increase of unauthorized immigrants in the united States since the hold on of recession in 2009 , which center there a lot more than stack that live in the linked States that give be affected.This can likewise be said that everyone in atomic number 20 can be affected by these laws because we are a border state, which normally get a larger inflow of immigrants. V. To twenty-four hours I would like to sort you about the serious issues with present day mmigration laws and persuade you to help reform them. maiden I will explain what immigration laws are and their purposes. Then I will ramify you about some of those laws, and how they affect undocumented immigrants and society. And I will end with why and how you can help to sack a difference. Body (So what are immigration laws? ) l.Immigration laws were created to regulate who and what may precipitate into the unify States. According the interior(a) Association of causality Border Patrol Officers, this is to protect us in four different major ways cosmos safety, public health, Jobs, and national ecurity. A. Ever since 1960, creating laws based on public safety, is to see to it that immigrants that may be potentiality prostitutes, polygamists, sexual deviates, or criminals would not be allowed to cross our borders. B. For Public Health, there are laws that prevent contagious diseases epidemics or people with potentially dangerous mental diseases.C. To ensure our Jobs are secure, laws are created to keep immigration from depressing wages too much. D. And National Security Foreigners who would harm the country cannot come here, but the definition of who terrorists, for instance. Now lets talk about some actual immigration laws) V. Immigration laws vary on hatful and we have to remember that every law always have exceptions. Every law also has flaws. Now Im going to tell you about two laws that I found alarming. A. The Center for Immigration Studies estimates that close to 400,000 US citizens marry a non-U.S. citizen. When a unite States citizen gets married to a person from a different country, there is a desire figure out that the couple has to go through to prove their marriage and plenty of petitions consume to be filled out to march on citizenship. A. l . The process and analysis of the couples were not at all alarming me until I ran across an article that went into detail about transgender spouses, who not only had to deal with the naturalization process but also the process specifying their gender.